Electrical Substation Equipment: Instrument Transformer and Its Functions

Fig-Instrument Transformer CT&PT

An instrument transformer is a type of electrical device used in power systems to facilitate the measurement, protection, and control of electrical quantities. It transforms high voltage and high current levels commonly found in power systems into standardized values suitable for measurement and monitoring by instruments and relays. There are two main types of instrument transformers: current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs), also known as potential transformers (PTs).

Lightning Protection Devices for Thundering Protection

Fig-Sample of thundering in a vibrant cityscape

Lightning Protection Devices

The lightning protection device is by means of modern lightning and other technology to prevent electrical equipment from being struck by lightning. Lightning protection equipment can be divided into lightning protection, lightning protection socket, antenna feeder protection, signal lightning protection, lightning protection test equipment, measurement, control system lightning protection, and earth pole protection.

Conditions for Current Carrying Capacity of Power Cable

The tabulated current ratings are designed by the conditions below 

Current carrying capacity is defined as the amperage a conductor can carry before melting either the conductor or the insulation. Cables are mainly designed as per requirement. Power cables are mainly used for power transmission and distribution purposes. It is an assembly of one or more individually insulated electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath.

Consider one circuit of a three-phase load to make sense.
Load factor = 1.0

Maximum operating conductor temperature :
70 degrees Celsius ( PVC insulation ) and 90 degrees Celsius ( XLPE insulation );
No other heat sources are installed near the group of cables.

Story of Ancient Electricity

The ancient battery in the Baghdad Museum

Ancient Electricity Generation and Using Procedure

Herein this article will try the understand the history of the first electricity evaluation and ancient electricity generation procedures, and the uses of electricity. We also introduce ourselves to Baghdad Battery.

Fiber Optic Installation Guide

Fig-Optical Fiber Cable Installation Guide

Optical Fiber Cable Installation by HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) and Direct Buried System.

Overview

This guide explains step-by-step procedures, required equipment, safety controls, testing, and pros/cons for installing optical fiber cable using Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) and direct-buried systems. It covers planning through commissioning and highlights common failure modes and mitigation.

Does AI Really Help Students to be Knowledgeable?

Does AI Really Help Students to be Knowledgeable?

This is one of the hottest debates in education right now. The short answer: AI can absolutely help students become more knowledgeable, but only if it’s used thoughtfully. Let me break it down for you: