What is the Cost to Build Software for Electric Vehicles?

With the push toward responsible mobility in the context of climate change and the environment, the general masses are opting for electric vehicles. Due to the government's active contribution in terms of incentives and rebates, the overall infrastructure is upturning for the charging stations. Similar alleviation is visible on the technical side of electronic vehicle charging stations.

Electrical Power Cable Short Circuit Current Capacity

How Calculate Cable Short Circuit Current from Short Circuit Current from Table?

You may find the short circuit current for a particular type of cable for a specified period of time from your cable manufacturer’s provided catalogue. For example the below table is showing different sizes from 16 square mili-meter to 2500 square mili-meter of cable in first left column and time duration from 0.1 second to 5 second in next 10 columns.

Cable Basic Parameters Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance

Cable Basic Parameters Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance

Partial Discharge in HV & EHV Power Lines

A video clip for Brug cable PD Measure

Partial Discharge in High and Extra High Voltage Lines

Partial Discharge (PD) is very important for Underground Power Cables. If you work with Power Cable, you must know why and where Partial Discharge is present. It will help to take action at the right place at the right time. 

What Is the Voltage Classification?

Nominal Voltage Classification in Transmission and Distribution System

To identify the voltage level effortlessly in a transmission and distribution system a significant voltage classification is essential. The voltage class is used not only to identify the level of system voltage, but the main importance is to classify the Apparatus voltage ranges for the operation and maintenance of an electrical energy transmission and distribution system.

Underground Power Cable Site Test after Installation

Fig- Cable High Voltage Testing Kit

Site Test or Pre-commissioning Test Just after Underground Power Cable Installation

Many cable failures are the result of poor installation practices; so, all new installations should be thoroughly tested before they are put into service. Since the cable itself will have been tested at the factory, on-site testing of newly installed cables focuses on identifying localized problems that have occurred during installation. 

Site test after installation of the underground power cable is required to confirm that the line is installed correctly and there is no damage during laying.

CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMERS) IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

What is CT or Current Transformer in an Electrical Distribution System

The CT an abbreviation of Current Transformer is a type of instrument transformer that is used to measure the current in AC or Alternating Current systems, taking the reduced amount from its secondary winding which is proportional to the primary winding that is being measured.

Ola Electric Achived Record-Breaking Sales

Ola Electric achieved record-breaking sales in November, The Economic Times published a news article in their industry section.

Electricity from Urine: Amazing Electricity Generation

 Image credit: 

                                     Pee-Power Urinal | Engineering For Change

How does Electricity from Urine?

Yes, it is fact; not fake. Now possible to generate electricity from human urine.

We know many ways to generate electricity from different sources around us. But the latest news is that your toilet will turn on an electricity generator. 

Yes, a team of researchers from the University of the West of England is saying urine can generate electricity. To read the details.

Different Types of Electrical Switches and Their Use

Different Types of Electrical Switches Normally Used in Circuits

There are so many types of electrical switches available from very simple to very complex switches used in the electrical circuit controlling systems. 

The switch may be different types but the basic function of the electrical switch is to open or close. The meaning of an electrical switch is to open or close the electrical path to equipment. 

ENERGY SAVING TIPS FOR YOUR HOME APPLIANCES

Fig: CFL Fun Bulb

IN-HOME APPLIANCES AND ELECTRICITY SAFETY

The Domestic Sector accounts for 30% of total energy consumption in the country. There is a tremendous scope to conserve energy by adopting simple measures. This information is a guide, which offers easy, practical solutions for saving energy in Home Appliances. Please, take a few moments to read the valuable tips that will save energy & money and ultimately help conserve our natural resources. 

It would be useful to know which gadget consumes how much electricity. Economic use of home appliances can help in reducing electricity bills. The following table shows the energy consumption of various appliances normally used at home:

How Measure Electricity Made Simple - Even Your Kids Can Do It

How to measure Your Electricity?

We are thinking about measuring electricity today, did you know that Ben Franklin helped us learn about electricity over 250 years ago? Even though we cannot see electricity, this does not mean that we cannot measure it. In fact, performing measurements is often the only way to tell whether electricity is actually flowing through a wire. Have you ever heard of a volt, an amp, or a watt? Do you know the difference between voltage, current and power?

Photo: You can use a digital multi-meter to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

Fear? Not If You Use How to Measure Electricity The Right Way!

PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING OF POWER CABLE

Partial Discharge (PD) in Electrical Power Cable:

Why PD?

No matter way where you are an engineer or a technician for electrical power cable, you need a piece of pretty good knowledge about Partial Discharge or shortly PD to understand your cable life or the possibility of unwanted cable faults. You may gather knowledge about PD by watching video clips on YouTube or reading a blog or article about PD.

Introduction of Partial Discharge (PD):  

Partial discharge (PD) is one of the most important factors for a power cable system. The partial discharge measurement methods of assessing the quality of the insulation of power cable systems, especially for extruded insulation materials.

Where Partial Discharge Occur:

We can think of partial discharge for cable systems from two major points of view:

01. Partial Discharge within the whole cable

02. Partial Discharge in an individual              location

Partial Discharge Measurement:

 

Normally major factory test carried out on the insulation of the whole drum of extruded cable is the partial discharge test. This is usually done at power frequency, but can also be carried out at very low frequency and at some voltage significantly higher than normal working voltage to ground. PD test is a very sensitive method to find out very minor failures such as little void or skip of insulation layer during manufacturing time.

But this factory test is not sufficient for the end users of the cable systems, during cable shipping, cable installation, cable jointing, and termination; cable insulation may damage or crack. Minor damage or crack is not possible to find out during commissioning or energizing time. After a little longer time this defect increased slowly and finally cracked. By statistics from the cable systems, most of the cable faults occur in cable jointing and termination point.

For Better Results:

So it is better to observe the magnitude and phase of the partial discharge signals and how they vary with increasing and then decreasing test voltage, results will disclose information on the type and position of the defects and their probable effect on cable life.

Finally in conclusion we can say, if the cable system can be tested in the field to show that its partial discharge level is comparable with that obtained in the factory tests on the cable and accessories, it is the most convincing evidence that the cable system is in excellent condition.

Cable Parameters: Insulation Resistance,Charging Current, Dielectric Losses

Cable Parameters: Insulation Resistance, Charging Current, Dielectric Losses

Before we formulated cable basic parameters resistance, inductance, and capacitance, now we will try to 3 more parameters like Insulation Resistance, Charging Current and Dielectric Losses.

Cable Insulation Resistance:

Using the following formula you can calculate insulation resistance in mega-ohm per kilometer of cable, to do this you consider the insulation material, diameter of cable including a semiconductor layer, and the diameter of the insulated core.

R =K In (D/d )  MΩ/km

Where

R = Insulation resistance in MΩ/km;

K = Constant depends on the insulation material;

d = Diameter of the conductor in mm including the semiconducting layer;

D = Diameter in mm of the insulated core;

MΩ- mega ohm, km- kilo meter, mm- mili meter.

Cable Charging Current:

The charging current is the capacitive current that flows when AC voltage is applied to the cables as a result of the capacitance between the conductor and earth, and for a multi-core cable in which cores are not screened, between conductors. The value can be calculated from the following equation.

IC = Uo ωC 10^-6   A/km

Where

IC = Charging current in Ampear/km;

Uo =Voltage in volt between phase and earth;

ω= 2 π f (π=22/7, f= frequency in hertz) Hz;

C= Capacitance in micro-farad per kilo-meter to neutral;

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Cable Dielectric Losses:

To calculate the dielectric losses of an AC cable are proportional to the Capacitance, the frequency, the phase voltage and the power factor. The value in watt per kilo-meter per phase can be calculated from the following equation.

WD = 2 π f C Uo² tanδ 10^-6   watt/km/phase

Where 

WD = Dielectric losses in watt/km/phase;

f = Frequency in hertz;

C = Capacitance in micro-farad per kilo-meter to neutral;

Uo = Voltage in volt between phase and earth;

tanδ=Dielectric power factor.

Voltage Drop Calculation for Electrical Power Cable

What is Voltage Drop for Cable?

When current flows in a cable conductor a voltage drop is developed in between the ends of the conductor which is the product of flowing current and the impedance of the cable.

Why Calculation Voltage Drop?

It is a common obligation for the designer to calculate the voltage drop as requirements are the main factor in determining the minimum conductor sizes (cross-sectional area) that can be used for a particular electrical circuit.

How to Calculate Voltage Drop?

Calculating the voltage drop of a circuit the designer has two options to choose of them depending on the project requirements. These pretty two options are as below:

Simple Design Approach

Accurate Design Approach

The simple design approach is a rough estimated one which sometimes leads to the use of larger conductor cross-sectional areas than are necessary for the project. If you consider a simple approach, then basically the following information is needed:

·        

•     Type of cable;
•     Conductor cross-sectional area;
•     Method of installation (for AC circuits only);
•     Circuit route length;
•    Type of circuit (DC, single-phase AC or three-phase  AC);
•     Load on the circuit.

Information is not needed for a simple approach:

•   Type and nominal current rating of the associated overcurrent device;
•   Ambient temperature;
•   Whether the circuit is run singly or grouped with other  circuits;
•    The power factor of the load.

On the other hand, an accurate design approach takes more into consideration conductor operating temperature. Above mentioned four “not needed information” for a simple approach should consider for a more accurate approach, especially two factors namely:

•    The ambient temperature
•    Whether the circuit is to be run singly or grouped with other circuits.

Calculate Voltage Drop Smartly:

We who work with cable system sometimes have to calculate voltage drop in short and very smartly. Considering this point of view following two formulas may be helpful for voltage drop calculation smartly.

Voltage Drop Calculation Formula for Single Phase Circuit:

V_d=2Il (R cos ø + X sin ø)  V

Voltage Drop Calculation Formula for Three Phase Circuit:

V_d=√ 3 I l (R cos ø + X sin ø)  V

Where

V_d = Voltage drop in Volt;

I = Load current in Amper;

R =A C Resistance in Ω/km;

X =Reactance in Ω/km;

cos ø = Power factor;

l  = Length in km;

X = ^ωL10-3

 ^ω=2 π f

L = from table mh/km

The limit of voltage drop depends on national code and standards which vary from country to country, and hope we got some basic idea on Voltage Drop for Electrical Power Cable.

The Largest Hydroelectric Power Generation Plant in the World

Fig-Three Gorges Dam

How does Hydroelectric Power Generation work:

In hydroelectricity water potential energy works with gravitational forces. Power plants are generally built near attached waterfalls, where enough river or seasonal rainwater reserved available and the kinetic energy is the greatest. To control the flow of water some time dams are required to build. 

When water released from the reservoir it flows down with heavy forces which rotate the turbine where the generator is shafted with it generate electricity. 

After the water has passed through the turbine, it’s returned to the river. This power generating process is very much eco-friendly and harmless for the environment compared to the thermal power plant. Generating cost also the lowest in the typical power generating process.

History of Hydro Power:

Ancient people are learned to use hydro-power grinding flour and other tasks. Near about 1770 AD, French engineer Bernard de Belidor architected some technique to use hydro-power in horizontal and vertical-axis machines and since late 19th-century hydro-power is using widely for industrial purposes. In 1878, William George Armstrong developed hydroelectric power plant for the very first time.

Now about 16 per cent of global electricity is generating from hydro-power plant. Asia-pacific region is generating about 32 per cent hydroelectricity and the Three Gorges dam in China is the world largest hydroelectricity power plant so far.  China, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela are the largest hydro-power producer country.

Read more articles:

Ancient Electricity Generation and Using Procedure

History of Electricity in Bangladesh

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Largest Hydroelectric Power Plant:

The Three Gorges Dam in China is the world largest hydroelectric power plant which completed in 2012, generating capacity of 22,500 megawatts (MW), height about 594 feet (181 meters (m), length about 7,770 feet (2, 335 m), the surface area of reservoir about 400 square miles (1,045 square kilometres) and extends upstream from the dam about 370 miles (600 kilometres).

To gather a basic idea about hydroelectricity generation worldwide we can quote some world largest hydroelectric power plant with generating capacity:

Three Gorges Dam, China: 22,500 MW

Itaipu, Brazil & Paraguay: 14,000 MW

Guri, Venezuela: 10,200MW

Tucuruí, Brazil: 8,370 MW

Grand Coulee, United States of America: 6,809MW

Sayano-Shushenskaya, Russia: 6,400 MW

Longtan, China: 6,300 MW

Krasnoyarsk, Russia: 6,000 MW

Robert-Bourassa, Canada: 5,616 MW

Churchill Falls, Canada: 5,428 MW

Fig: Hydroelectricity of Generation 

Sources: Wikipedia/ http://water.usgs.gov/ http://www.power-technology.com/

History of Electricity in Bangladesh

Bangladesh: Developing every day every moment

History of First Electricity Uses in Dhaka even Bangladesh:

Bangladesh borne in 1971, but electricity utilization started in this region as a part of India before creation Bangladesh. First electricity switched on 7 December 1901 in Ahsan Monjeel, the residence of the Nawab of Dhaka. Latter on Dhanmondi powerhouse was set up and the journey of commercial distribution started in 1930.

Brief History of Electricity In Bangladesh:

Up to the partition of the country and independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, electricity generation and distribution was authorized by some private companies in this region. Electricity facility was limited within 17 provincial district urban area and of course only for nighttime. Total power generation capacity was then only 21 MW for East Pakistan; the most privileged Dhaka city used two 1500kW generators to supply electricity.

To improve the power supply situation, the government of Pakistan created Electricity Directorate in 1948 and issued an ordinance in 1959 to form WAPDA (Water And Power Development Authority) to take over all electrical systems from the private sector to the Government sector. As a result, this organization got more autonomy and basic infrastructure developed during this time. From 1960 to 1970 power generation increased from 88MW to 475MW, Dhaka-Chittagong 132kV transmission line network, shiddirgonj, Khulna, Chittagong power plant and Kaptai dam started.

After independence of Bangladesh in 1972, the government realized to boost up the power sector and create BPDB (Bangladesh Power Development Board). The achievement the highlight of BPDB considering time period from 1972 to 1995 is: power generation capacity 2818 MW; high voltage transmission line network 132 kV 2469 km & 230 kV 419 km; highest voltage 230kV capacity transmission line of the country East-west (Tongi-Ishurdi) interconnector is switched on in December 1982. BPDB created an electricity facility in most of the district city area, but the government had to make sense that for developing the whole country electricity need in a rural area, especially for irrigation. 

So, the government created REB (Rural Electrification Board) in October 1977 who works for electrification in a rural area all over the country through PBS (Palli Bidyut Samity) except major district towns.

To segregate electric supply within Dhaka city from the jurisdiction of BPDB, DESA (Dhaka Electric Supply Authority) was created in 1992, but in latter DESA abolished and formed two company DESCO (Dhaka Electric Supply Company) and DPDC (Dhaka Power Distribution Company). 

Not only for Dhaka but also to improve consumer services and reduce losses for all over the country government rearranged and created different companies and organizations in the power sector many times. The major company and organization under the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resource in Bangladesh is as below:

List of Electricity Utility Organizations in Bangladesh:

BERC (Bangladesh Power Regulatory Commission)

BPDB (Bangladesh Power Development Board)

APSCL ( Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited)

EGCB (Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh)

NWPGCL (North-West Power Generation Company Limited)

IPP (Independent Power Producer)

RPCL (Rural Power Company Limited)

PGCB (Power Grid Company of Bangladesh)

DPDC (Dhaka Power Distribution Company Ltd)

DESCO (Dhaka Power Supply Company Ltd)

WZPDCL (West Zone Power Distribution Company Ltd)

SZPDCL (South Zone Power Distribution Company Ltd)

BREB (Rural Electrification Board)

PBS ( Palli Bidyut Samity)

Green Electricity for Future Generation

What would be the Future Generation Green Electricity, Should be thinking today.

We, everyone aware our primary methods of electricity generation are harming our environment seriously. So it’s time to thinking for an alternative power source.

A large huge of power generation, thermal-based facilities are using coal, oil or gas which cause of the leading source of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is affecting our greenhouse gas which directly linked to climate change. Thermal or Fossil fuel-based electricity generation is also a major source of nitrogen-oxides, sulphur-dioxide, and heavy metal- mercury, lead, and cadmium etc emission into the environment and gives rise to respiratory diseases.

 Thermal power plant leaves ash & smoke is pouring negative impact on local ecosystems, nuclear power leaves a legacy of radioactive waste for future generations and posing potential safety hazards today.

Alternative Source of Electricity:

Green electricity may come from blending wind, harvesting sunlight, beating tidal waves, collecting geothermal, regional low-impact hydropower and many other renewable energy sources. All the above green electricity generating systems are cleanest and ecologically friendly, producing no emissions that contribute to air pollution or greenhouse gases. Eco-friendly Green Electricity must meet the range the environmental criteria and losses no biodiversity.

How go to a greener future?

To be sure, challenges exist and therefore the targets are ambitious. Still, the reports all conclude that the technology exists for the planet to transition to a totally sustainable energy system by 2050, which should keep the earth below the 1.5° Paris heating target.

Mitigating the impact of global climate change means fewer floods, storms, droughts and other extremes caused by warming temperatures.

It could also mean less pollution. Nine out of each 10 people on the earth breathe polluted air, consistent with the planet Health Organization, which may cause respiratory diseases, heart conditions, strokes and other life-threatening diseases.

Pollution, largely from burning fossil fuels, kills up to seven million people annually, with low and middle-income countries carrying the very best burden. This includes exposure to toxic fumes from using wood, coal or dung because of the primary cooking fuel.

A future powered by wind, solar and other sustainable energy sources, could also reduce energy bills. the prices of manufacturing wind and solar have plummeted in recent years and renewables remain on track to outprice fossil fuels in future.

Initiative for Clean or Green Electricity:

The respective authority should take initiative to make it easy for our home or business with green electricity as well as grid power. It must be available and reachable for mass people to purchase a suitable unit. Authority may provide the facility to the customers to provide critical financial support or voluntarily paying a premium to new renewable green energy project development. 

We locally have remained a lot of work to generate social awareness to reduce our home's or business' electricity-related environmental impact. We need a clear and strong understanding that using clean or green electricity we are helping to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, to keeping our globe safe and green for the future generation.

Safety Clearance to Exposed Live Conductors

Working Safety Clearance and Phase Gap between Exposed Live Conductor

Herein this article we will focus on “safety clearance to live bare live conductors during working in electrical power distribution substations or switching stations” and “phase gap or safety clearance to electrical energy transmitting energized conductors between others power conductors, communication conductors or transportation navigation system” to ensure safety for human and property, as well as operate a proficient electrical energy network system.

Lines crossing or approaching each other as pe Bangladesh Electricity Distribution Code

(1) Where an overhead line crosses or is in proximity to any telecommunication line, either the owner of the overhead line or the telecommunication line, whoever lays his line later, shall arrange to provide for protective devices or guarding arrangements, in a manner laid down in the Code of Practice or the guidelines in this respect, if any, and subject to the following provisions:-

(2) When it is intended to erect a telecommunication line or an overhead line which will cross or be in proximity to an overhead line or a telecommunication line, as the case may be, the person proposing to erect such line shall give one month’s notice of his intention so to do along with the relevant details of protection and drawings to the owner of the existing line.

(3) Where an overhead line crosses or is in proximity to another over head line, guarding arrangements shall be provided so to guard against the possibility of their coming into contact with each other.  Where an overhead line crosses another overhead line, clearances shall be as under:-  Minimum clearances in meters between lines crossing each other, 

Circuit/Line		Clearance in Meter
Lower↓	Upper→	11 - 66 kV	132 kV	230 kV	400 kV	800 kV
1	Low Voltage	2.5	3.0	4.6	5.5	8.0
2	11 - 66 kV	2.5	3.0	4.6	5.5	8.0
3	132 kV	3.0	3.0	4.6	5.5	8.0
4	230 kV	4.6	4.6	4.6	5.5	8.0
5	400 kV	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	8.0
6	800 kV	8.0	8.0	8.0	8.0	8.0

Provided that no guarding is required when an high voltage line crosses over another high voltage, medium or low voltage line or a road subject to the condition that adequate clearances are provided between the lowest conductor of the high voltage line and the top most conductor of the overhead line crossing underneath the high voltage line and the clearances as stipulated in this Chapter from the topmost surface of the road is maintained. 

(4) A person erecting or proposing to erect a line which may cross or be in proximity with an existing line, may normally provide guarding arrangements on his own line or require the owner of the other overhead line to provide guarding arrangements as referred.

(5) In all cases referred to in the preceding clauses the expenses of providing the guarding arrangements or protective devices shall be borne by the person whose line was last erected. 

(6) Where two lines cross, the crossing shall be made as nearly at right angles as the nature of the case admits and as near the support of the lines as practicable, and the support of the lower line shall not be erected below the upper line. 

(7) The guarding arrangements shall ordinarily be carried out by the owner of the supports on which it is made and he shall be responsible for its efficient maintenance.

Safety Clearance during Works in Substations

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Line crews often work in a substations or switching stations where all the equipment and conductors are not possible to be dead; but possible to ensure minimum safe distance for the working section from the exposed live section following as below:

1.  Dead or working section should be identified clearly and barricaded appropriate barrier-rope;

2.  Electrical live or non-working portion must be defined with appropriate signs;

3.  Recommended notices, flags must be used with recognizable languages and universal signs;

4.  Approved types of ladder must be used, not allowed over heighted ladder and others objects;

5.  Must follow the minimum horizontal and vertical safety clearances from exposed live conductor or equipment following the degree of voltages as per international standard under a senior authorized persons;

Accordance to BS 7354:1990, the minimum safety working clearances in horizontal and vertical is as below:

Rated Voltage	Safety Working Clearance
	Horizontal	Vertical
Not exceeding 11 kV	1.6 m	2.6 m
Exceeding 11 kV but not exceeding 33 kV	1.8 m	2.8 m
Exceeding 33 kV but not exceeding 66 kV	2.1 m	3.1 m
Exceeding 66 kV but not exceeding 132 kV	2.7 m	3.7 m
Exceeding 132 kV but not exceeding 275 kV	4.2 m	5.2 m
Exceeding 275 kV but not exceeding 500 kV	5.4 m	6.4 m

If the above clearance is not sufficient to ensure safety, additional arrangement should confirm.

Phase Gap or Safety Clearance between Exposed Overhead Live Line and Ground

An overhead line route which crosses or is in proximity to a high risk locality shall be given special consideration. As National and International references on the risk assessment of overhead lines for guidance in the correct identification and recommended minimum mitigating measures.

Where practical all new overhead lines will be routed to avoid the need to pass in close proximity to high risk localities. However where lines are specifically identified as being in close proximity to fishing or high amenity areas.

Right of Way Clearance (As per GETCO Standard)

Must maintain the required clearance space around the transmission line, trees below the transmission line to mitigate and avoid as far as practicable, a tree entering the required clearance space around that line if the tree falls.

KV	Min ROW
66 KV	18 Meter
132 KV	27 Meter
220 KV	35 Meter
400KV	52 Meter (Single Circuit)
400 KV	48 Meter (Double Circuit)

Allowance for Creep

Allowance must be made for the effects of creep in conductors and setting out errors as the specified clearance must be maintained for the life of the conductor. This allowance shall be as follows:

Conductor Type	Additional Clearance Required
Copper	450mm
Aluminium Alloy	600mm
ACSR	600mm

Minimum Height above Railway as Per IE-1957  

Voltage	Broad Meter & Narrow Gauges
Up to 66 KV	14.00 Meter
Above 66KV up to 132KV	14.60 Meter
Above 132KV up to 220KV	15.40 Meter
Above 220KV up to 400KV	17.90 Meter
Above 400KV up to 500KV	19.30 Meter
Above 500KV up to 800KV	23.40 Meter

Clearance between conductors and Trolley / Tram wires (IE Rule 78)

KV	Clearance (Min)
66 KV	2.4 Meter
132 KV	2.7 Meter
220 KV	3.0 Meter

Clearance for Telephone line Crossings Power Line

Low and Medium Voltage	1.2 Meter
High Voltage Line Up to 11KV	1.8 Meter
High Voltage Line Above to 11KV	2.5 Meter
Extra High Voltage Line	3.0 Meter

Permissible Min ground Clearance of Electrical Line

KV	Ground Clearance	Over National Highway
66 KV	6.1 Meter	8.0 Meter
132 KV	6.1 Meter	8.6 Meter
220 KV	7.0 Meter	9.8 Meter
400KV	8.8 Meter	10.8 Meter

Clearance to Waterways

Item	Description	Clearance (m)
	Lowest conductor (line or earth) to Towpath level or adjacent bank	0.433 kV	66kV	132kV
1	River Trent	18.3	19.2	19.8
2	River Ouse	23.2	23.2	23.8
3	Aire & Calder Canal	14.3	15.2	15.9
4	Sheffield & South Yorkshire canal	14.3	15.2	15.9
5	Calder & Hebble Canal	14.3	15.2	15.9
6	Other Canals	11.3	15.2	12.8
7	Reservoirs	12.3	15.2	15.6

Clearance from Buildings to low, medium and high voltage lines

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Voltage	Description	Distance
Low & Medium Voltage	Flat roof, open balcony, verandah roof ,When the line passes above the building a vertical clearance from the highest point	2.5 Meter
Low & Medium Voltage	Line passes adjacent to the building a horizontal clearance from the nearest point	1.2 Meter
Low & Medium Voltage	Line passes above the building a vertical clearance	2.5 Meter
Low & Medium Voltage	Vertical distance or line passes adjacent the building a Horizontal clearance	1.2 Meter
11 KV to 33 KV	Vertical distance or line passes above or adjacent   to any building or part of a building	3.7  Meter
Above 33 KV	Line passes above or adjacent   to any building or part of a building	3.7+(0.3 for every additional 33 KV )
Up to 11 KV	The horizontal clearance between the nearer conductor and any part of such building	1.2 Meter
11 KV to 33 KV	The horizontal clearance between the nearer conductor and any part of such building	2.0 Meter
Above 33 KV	The horizontal clearance between the nearer conductor and any part of such building	2.0 + (0.3 for every additional 33 KV )

Minimum Clearance between Lines Crossing Each Other (IE-1957)

System Voltage	132KV	220KV	400KV	800KV
Low & Medium	3.05	4.58	5.49	7.94
11-66KV	3.05	4.58	5.49	7.94
132KV	3.05	4.58	5.49	7.94
220KV	4.58	4.58	5.49	7.94
400KV	5.49	5.49	5.49	7.94
800KV	7.94	7.94	7.94	7.94

Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor As per IE Rule 77

Overhead Line Across Street
Low and Medium Voltage	5.8 Meter
High Voltage	6.1 Meter
Overhead Line Along  Street (Parallel To Street)
Low and Medium Voltage	5.5 Meter
High Voltage	5.8  Meter
Overhead Line Without Across or Along  Street
Low/Medium /HT line up to 11KV If Bare Conductor	4.6 Meter
Low/Medium /HT line up to 11KV If Insulated Conductor	4.0 Meter
Above 11  KV Line	5.2 Meter
Above 33KV Line	5.8 Meter + Add 0.3 meter for every additional 33KV

Clearances from Buildings of low & medium voltage lines (IE Rule 79)

For  Flat roof, Open Balcony, Verandah Roof and lean to Roof
Line Passes Over Building Vertical Clearance	2.5 Meter
Line Passes Adjustment of Building Horizontal Clearance	1.2 Meter
For pitched Roof
Line Passes Over Building Vertical Clearance	2.5 Meter
Line Passes Adjustment of Building Horizontal Clearance	1.2 Meter

Minimum Clearance Spaces Surrounding a Transmission Line

Nominal voltage	Dimension vertical below	Dimension horizontal
66 kV	3000 mm	3000 mm
Over 66 kV, less than 220 kV	3700 mm	4600 mm
220 kV	3700 mm	4600 mm
275 kV	4200 mm	5000 mm
330 kV	4700 mm	5500 mm
500 kV	6400 mm	6400 mm

Clearance to Obstacles for Nominal system Voltage 230kV (as per PGCB)

xxxThe minimum clearances defined below shall not be infringed at the specified maximum conductor temperature with the phase conductors and suspension insulators hanging vertically or deflected to any angle up to 70° from the vertical.

This is describe as Minimum Clearance for where maximum conductor temperature is 80°C.

Ground (see note d)                                      (m)                  8.0

Roads                                                              (m)                  14.0

Buildings, structures, walls or other objects on which a person can stand or against which he can lean a-

Ladder                                                             (m)                  7.0

Trees                                                               (m)                  5.5

Shrubs                                                             (m)                  5.5

Railways (measured from railway track)      (m)                  18.0

River Crossing                                                (m)                  25.0

Where:

Clearances are measured to the nearest projection of an object.

For ladder clearances also apply to earthed metal clad buildings.

For trees clearances applicable to trees under the transmission line and to trees adjacent to the line. Clearances also applicable to trees falling, towards the line with conductors hanging in a vertical plane.

For ground clearance shall be measured from the highest flood level.

Clearances Where Transmission Lines Cross for 230kV (as per PGCB)

Where a transmission line crosses above or below another transmission line, the following clearances shall be obtained.

In still air, and with the phase conductor temperature of the lower transmission line at 5°C or 80°C for 400 kV line whilst the assumed phase conductor temperature of the higher transmission line is at its maximum operating temperature, the following minimum clearances between the lowest conductor (phase or earth) of the higher transmission line are applicable:

The highest conductor (phase or earth) of the lower transmission line                5.5 m

The voltage specified is that for which transmission lines are ultimately designed to operate.

Clearances are determined by the ultimate voltage of either the upper or lower transmission line, whichever is the greater.

Clearances are determined by the ultimate voltage of the upper/lower transmission line.

In addition to the above at the point of crossing, the clearance in (a) shall be obtained assuming the conductors of the lower transmission may swing up to 45° from the vertical. The sags of the upper and lower transmission lines shall be those at the maximum operating temperature.