CONDUIT AND ACCESSORIES USING AS PER WIRING REGULATIONS

Conduit and Accessories Installation Factors

Conduit, accessories and trunking installation should comply with the latest issued Regulations for the Electrical Equipment of Buildings by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. In addition installation should also comply with all local electricity regulations.

All metallic conduit and conduit fittings should be galvanized, heavy gauge steel, screwed, solid drawn or weld type complying with IEC 423 and IEC 614.

Conduit Types and Specifications

Types of Conduit Wiring System is as below:

Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in this wiring method, they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal plugs.

Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit wiring. obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common electrical wiring system nowadays.

Types of Conduit

Following conduits are used in the conduit wiring systems (both concealed and surface conduit wiring). 

• Metallic Conduit
• Non-metallic conduit

Metallic Conduit:

Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very strong but costly as well.

There are two types of metallic conduits.

Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet conduit)

Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel conduit)

Non-metallic Conduit:

A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which is flexible and easy to bend.

Size of Conduit:

The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37, 50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.

Following conduit and raceways specification should be utilize if where it is required or as per instruction of authorized engineer:

· Power Conduit- HDPE/ASTM F2160;

· Electrical Conduit- EB, PE & rigid PVC/UL 651A/UL 651B;

· Telecommunication Conduit- HDPE/ASTM F2160;

· Premise Raceways- UL 2024 Optical Fiber Cable Raceway.


PE Conduit uses in power transmission and communication like substation to transformer, secondary transformer to end-user cable, telephone, CATV and data transmission etc. PE conduit uses mainly for its significant physical advantages over other materials like-

· Resist brightness with age or cold weather;

· Low temperature impact resistance;

· Permanent flexibility;

· Ambient temperature range -30oC to 180oC


PE Conduit Feature

01. Multiple colour and stripes are available;

02. Pre-installed or cable in conduits are available;

03.Corrugated flexible inner ducts are available;

04.Self-supporting or built-in suspension strands are available.

Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

1. It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wring)
2. Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)
3. No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic pipes.
4. Customization can be easily done according to the future needs.
5. Repairing and maintenance is easy.
6. There is no risk of damage the cables insulation.
7. it is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.
8. It can be used even in humidity , chemical effect and smoky areas.
9. No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallic pipes).
10. It is reliable and popular wiring system.
11. sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.

Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

1. It is expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes, Additional earthing for metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.
2. Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
3. installation is not easy and simple.
4. Risk of Electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper earthing system)
5. Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.

What Is Difference between Conduit and Pipe.

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In general it is very similar between plastic pipe and conduit; but in use completely different between them. So, it must be consider what it is and where it is going to use for.

1. Conduit do not have long term internal pressure what have in pipe;
2. Due to long term stress pipes need hydrostatic design basis where is not require in conduit;
3. Internal clearance for pipe is required on flow of volume where in conduit it’s depends on cable possession, group of cable, diameter of cable, cable pulling system, length of cable etc;
4. Conduit installation path in vertical, horizontal, curvature is very much important on cable nature;
5. In short pulling length up to 55% and for long pulling length below 40% should be fill-up the conduit volume, but in pipe no need to keep any empty space.

Conduit Installation Factors

Mechanical Stress is an issue to select the placement the conduit. If exceed the maximum allowable pulling tension and bending radii, conduit may damage.

Pulling Tension should consider during conduit installation. Tail loading, length of conduit, bending radii should control to keep the safe pulling tension.

Bending Radii often face on conduit pulling route, pulling tension and mechanical stress increase in bending curve. It’s important to select bending radii to avoid conduit damage in curved area.

Conduit Trenching may various types, but open trench and continuous trench methods are very traditional. Also trench digging, placing conduit and backfilling is important in conduit trenching.

Conduit Jointing can be variety of thermal and mechanical methods, but for each proper engineering design and system should follow.

Cable Installation in conduit is an important job which can be accomplished in a few ways, such as-

1. Cable pulling in conduit using rope or pull line;
2. Cable pulling in conduit using specialized high volume jet of air;
3. Cable-in-Conduit or pre-installed cable in conduit by manufacturer.

Conditions for Conduit and Trunking Wiring 

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Common Aspects for Both Recessed and Surface Conduit Works

(i) The erection of conduits of each circuit shall be completed before the cables aredrawn in.

(ii)Conduit Joints

(a) All joints shall be sealed/cemented with approved cement. Damaged conduitpipes/fittings shall not be used in the work. Cut ends of conduit pipes shallhave neither sharp edges nor any burrs left to avoid damage to the insulationof conductors while pulling them through such pipes.

(b) The Engineer-in-charge, with a view to ensuring that the above provisionhas been carried out, may require that the separate lengths of conduit etc.after they have been prepared shall be submitted for inspection before beingfixed. 

(iii) Bends in Conduit 

(a) All bends in the system may be formed either by bending the pipes by anapproved method of heating, or by inserting suitable accessories such asbends, elbows or similar fittings, or by fixing non-metallic inspection boxes,whichever is most suitable. Where necessary, solid type fittings shall beused. 

(b) Radius of bends in conduit pipes shall not be less than 7.5 cm. No length ofconduit shall have more than the equivalent of four quarter bends from outletto outlet. 

(c) Care shall be taken while bending the pipes to ensure that the conduit pipeis not injured, and that the internal diameter is not effectively reduced. 

(iv)Outlets 

All switches, plugs, fan regulators etc. shall be fitted in flush pattern. The fanregulators can be mounted on the switch box covers, if so stipulated in the tenderspecifications, or if so directed by the Engineer-in-charge. 

(v)Painting 

After installation, all accessible surfaces of metallic accessories shall be painted incompliance with clauses under Chapter 15 “Painting”.

Standard circular boxes or machined face heavy-duty steel adaptable boxes with machined heavy type lids should be used throughout. For outdoor mounting all boxes should be galvanized, weatherproof and fitted with external fixing lugs.

Conduit terminations should be fitted with brass bushes.

The use of running threads, solid elbows and solid tees will not be permitted.

Conduit ends should be carefully reamed to remove burrs. Draw-in boxes should be provided at intervals not exceeding 10m in straight-through runs.

Conduit runs should be in either the vertical or horizontal direction unless otherwise approved and should be arranged to minimize accumulation of moisture. Provision for drainage should be made at the lowest points of each run.

Conduits should be supported on heavy galvanized spacer saddles so as to stand off at least 6 mm from the fixing surface.

Provision should be made for the support of internal conductors in instances where the length of the vertical run exceeds 5m. 

All conduits run in any circuit are to be completed before any cables are pulled in.

Flexible metallic conduit should be used where relative movement is required between the conduit and connected apparatus, and a separate copper connection provided to maintain earth continuity.

Ensure the better service life of conduit and cable installed into conduit should follow the international and local standard and wiring regulations. The maximum number of cables in any conduit should be in accordance with the latest issue of the IEE Regulations for the Electrical Equipment of Buildings.

The Engineer’s Public Duty

The role of the institutions

Public interest and the professions,

 

The essence of professional conduct and standards is that they embody more than the narrow pursuit of the interests of the client or the professional himself. The notion of professional standards indicates the existence of wider obligations, one aspect of which is the recognition of the impact which an activity has on the public. On examination, all professions that justify such a description share, as one of their aims, the maintenance of the public interest, the nature of that interest depending on the activities in question. 

Thus, the public interest element in the medical profession is obvious enough, although now recognised as involving many ethical conflicts, such as the allocation of limited medical resources.1 The legal professions, as an important part of their function, have to safeguard the pubic interest in the proper administration of justice, expressed through long-standing professional rules.

Some of these are currently under public debate, including the question of rights of audience in the higher Courts. Also figuring prominently in recent months are the financial services professions, whose activities can now be seen to encompass a major public interest element in the maintenance of confidence in the free market system. In each of these cases, and others too, it is necessary to identify the nature and extent of the public interest and the corresponding public duty which can be said to fall on the profession. The engineering profession is, therefore, in no special position except, perhaps, in having sofar avoided public debate on its ethicalcodes, at least in the UK. 

The conventional starting point for a debate on public interest issues would be to examine the relevant rules of professional conduct and the procedures for maintenance of standards for the profession. These are discussed below in relation to engineering. Yet these rules and procedures cannot be regarded as definitive of the public interest. There exist overriding considerations which will be determined by the nature of the professional activity in question and from which the rules currently in force must derive their relevance and authority. 

The Enron scandal makes this point only too clearly, when the conventional accountancy and audit rules were seen to be inadequate and largely irrelevant to the threatened global crisis of confidence in the financial markets. The task of the professional bodies must be to identify and to reflect in their rules of conduct and procedures what the public interest demands of that profession. If the professional bodies fall behind in this role, they risk becoming irrelevant in that the public will itself become the driving force, expressed through Court actions or by government intervention in the name of the public.

INSULATORS AND BUSHINGS MOUNTING

Outdoor EHV Cable Sealing End

How Insulators & Bushings Standard and Quality Ensure for Underground Cable Project

The important to select and obligate the insulator and bushing technical specification complying the used materials to manufacture followed standard requirements. The cable sealing end termination, Surge Arrester, Cross-bonding grounding is the major point for an underground power transmission cable project where insulator is used. Also others type of insulator like pin/post/disc insulator, suspension insulator etc. are used.

The designated manufacturer followed the international standard to manufacture insulators and bushings. Porcelain or glass insulators and bushings should comply with the requirements of IEC 168, IEC 137, IEC 305, IEC 273, IEC 433 and IEC 815.

Porcelain for insulating purposes should comply with the requirements of BS 1598. Each porcelain insulator should bear the manufacturers mark and batch identification, which should be applied before firing. The clamping surfaces of all porcelain insulators should be accurately grounded and should be free of glaze.

Insulator and Bushing Test Standard

Insulators and bushings should satisfy the test requirements of IEC 168-Post, IEC 233-Hollow, IEC 383-Overhead Line. The design of insulators should be such as to minimize radio interference (RFI), and tests will be required as proposed in IEC 437 or equivalent to limit RFI to CISPR or CCITT recommended limits, or equivalent National Standards or Regulations.

Insulator and Bushing Materials Property

The post Insulator may made of good commercial grade wet process porcelain. The porcelain must be sound, thoroughly vitrified and free from defects and blemishes that might adversely affect the life of the Insulator. The exposed parts of the porcelain be smoothly glazed and specified (say brown) in color.

Insulators and bushings of organic molded or resin-bonded material should comply with the requirements of IEC 660 as appropriate. They should have a durable non-hygroscope surface finish with a high anti-tracking index. Precautions should be taken during manufacture and assembly of insulators of this type to exclude all moisture.

The Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) should be determined on all organic material insulators, and other insulating material as directed by the Engineer. The test method on any electrical materials intended for use outdoors or in servers ambient conditions should be in accordance with IEC 587, and materials not exposed to such conditions should be tested in accordance with IEC 112.

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Insulator and Bushing Material Identification

Insulator and bushings of molded or resin bonded material should be identified with the name of trade mark of the manufacturer, the type of Insulator and the batch & year of manufacture. Such marking should not impair the electrical properties of the surface finish.

Test on Insulators and Bushings

Type test, Sample test and Routing test are the main three test is mainly performed on insulator.

Type Test	Sample Test	Routing Test
Withstand Test Flash-over test Dry One-minute test Dry flash-over test One-minute Rain test Wet flash-over test Visible discharge test	Temperature cycle test Mechanical loading test Electro-mechanical test Over voltage test Porosity test	Mechanical Routine Test Mechanical load of 20% in excess of the maximum working load of the insulator is applied after suspending the insulator for one minute. There should be no mechanical failure of the insulator.

Properties of Insulating Materials

Properties of some insulating materials are as below:

Material	Conductivity (σ), S/m	Permitivity ( εr)
Water(distilled) Porcelain Glass Air SF6	2.10-4 10-10 10-10 .. ..	80 6 5 1.0006 1

Insulator and Bushing Mounting

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Insulators and bushings should be mounted, and the method of attaching connections be such that there is no likelihood of their being mechanically over stressed during normal tightening of the mounting and connection fixings. Similar provision should be made to accommodate expansion and contraction of the connections having regard in the temperature likely to be attained during fault conditions. 

Mountings should be of sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand the forces created by the passage of maximum prospective short-circuit current with full asymmetry, without permanent damage or permanent deflection sufficient to reduce electrical performance of insulation strength.

5 The Most Easy Blogging Successful Tips

The Most Common Eazy Blogging Tips for Starting Successful Blogging

Anyone can be active for a long time on blogging, but he cannot say I have no mistake. So, blogging in longtime may have many mistakes in the past, we will find some common mistakes here from longtime blogging. We will always try to correct our mistakes. As far as we believe, life is very small, so instead of doing your mistakes, you should learn something from the mistakes of others.

In this post, we will tell you some of the eazy blogging tips which we have done our-self and learned from the mistakes of others.

01. There is a lot of damage to the Regular Blog update.

The main reason for most people failing in blogging is to do regular Blog updates.

If you think that after you update 1-2 posts in a week, your blog will be successful, then you remove this thing from your heart.

If you start a new blog then you should keep updating that blog on daily basis on a daily basis. If you daily update your blog then you will have two advantages.

The first advantage is that once you visit your blog, it will become your regular reader and it will come daily to read a new post on your blog, due to which traffic to your blog will increase.

And the second advantage is that Google likes the blog or the website too much, which keeps updating something every day. Therefore daily updating will increase the ranking in your search engine and you will get more traffic from the search engine.

02. You can not get overnight success in blogging

When you start blogging, take care of one thing that blogging is a long-term investment. Where you can not get success in one day or one month.

You can take time to be successful in blogging. As far as blogging is concerned about business, the traffic blog of your blog gradually increases since writing 30 good articles.

In other words, as more content you write and publish in blogging, the better you will get results. Good things are not available in this world very quickly, so you can also find time to be successful in blogging.

In this way, we can say that blogging is a long-term investment business. Where you get success, but you do not get Overnight success here.

03. Writing and Editing only do not require blogging.

If you are creating a business blog then you do not need writing and editing skills only.

Apart from this, there are many things about which you should keep good information. You should come to understand the data by analyzing the data and according to it, it should also come and do not have to do.

Along with this, you should also be able to re-design your blog. There should also be a call-to-action in your content, and besides these, you should also get email marketing and social media marketing.

All these things are many things that you should know about. So, after starting a blog, try writing about all these things in addition to writing and editing.

To create a successful business blog, you should know every little thing about blogging.

04. Never stop learning

Blogging is something that nobody can ever learn to complete.

If you are going to blogging and you know a little bit about blogging, then do not ever think that you have got complete knowledge of blogging. And now you do not need to learn anything about blogging.

If you think so, then your blog will never be successful because no one can keep complete information about blogging. The main reason for this is that there is something changing in blogging daily. And new things come in daily blogging. So if you want to run your blog successfully then you should learn about new things about daily blogging.

05. The theme of the new blog is very matter

When I started my first blog, I did not pay much attention to the theme of the blog.

And I used to use a very flammable theme in my blog. Then one day I met a professional blogger named Sheikh Aslam.

Both of us started talking about blogging while sitting in the meantime Sheikh Aslam opened my blog and seeing the theme of my blog was fascinating and looked at me like a miracle. Then Sheikh Aslam told me about the Importance of the theme of a blog's quiet nature and also suggested a good theme to me and then I uploaded the theme of their theme to my blog.

When I changed the theme of my blog, after 1 month of my blog there was a lot of improvement in my blog. Therefore, the theme of the new blog is a lot of matter. You should choose the theme of your blog very well.

The way to earn from a blog without Google AdSense

How to Earn from Your Blog When You Have no Google Adsense?

Most people are more interested in Google Adsense. But with the exception of Google Adsense, there are many other ways to earn a blog from which you can earn more from Google Adsense. Blogging is a great way to share what you love with everyone. Initially, everyone is focused on creating a wonderful blog. And the rule is that if a blog has good content quality, the best information, and a blog design, then more people will visit.

And if you have more visitors to the blog then you can earn. In that case, many people prefer Google Adsense, but today I will share with you the way to earn from blogs without Google AdSense.

So let's not know what are the ways to earn from the blog without Google Adsense.

Affiliate Marketing:

If a company is marketing a product or service on your blog, and if anyone buys a product or service from there, then that company will pay you a fixed amount of commission according to the price of the product or service. 

For affiliate marketing, you need to do blogging. Nish blogging is about writing about a particular product or service and not writing on that blog with any other topping. 

By blogging you can quickly sell products or services. Basically, you will highlight the details of a product through your article and if the reader likes, you will go to the link provided and purchase the product from the seller's website. 

This way you can earn through affiliate marketing. The two best affiliate marketers I know are the respected Rifat Ahmed brother and Al-Amin Kabir Suman brother.

PPC Ad:

In affiliate marketing, you can earn when a product is sold through your website. PPC means "Pay Per Click", that is, when a visitor clicks on an advertisement published on your site, you earn an account per click. Except for Google Adsense, there are companies that provide PPC ads.

Sponsored posts or reviews:

If you are proficient at Article Writing, you can earn good money by becoming a guest writer on blogging or by writing reviews of a company's products and services. It is very popular in English blogging. You can get $ 5 to $ 200 or more for writing an article or review. This is one of the best and most sustainable ways to make money from blogging.

For this, your blog rank should be as good as the blog traffic. Any company expects you to reach as many readers as possible by writing a good review about its products and services. You need to be an honest, dependable, and hard-working blogger for this, but only then you will be able to make the most out of this method. It is much better than other methods.

Fixed Price Add:

If your blog is popular, many companies will want to advertise on your blog monthly or annually. You can set the price based on the size of the ad and where it appears on the blog. The ads you see every day are completely different from one another. You can earn a certain amount of money by publishing this ad on your blog for a time. To get this ad, your blog must have a lot of traffic. But with your growing blogging experience, you can find these national ads. To get this national ad, you should have a page on your blog detailing the blog that has the opportunity to advertise on it.

Finally, what I want to say is that if you love blogging and can establish a good blog then you can earn money in many ways. I just showed you a few ways above. There are many other ways to earn money from blogs without Google AdSense.

If you like the words, be sure to make an appointment to let everyone know. Always be good, Happy Blogging!

What is Google AdSense?

Google AdSense is an advertising program offered by Google that allows website owners, bloggers, and content creators to monetize their online content by displaying targeted advertisements. AdSense enables publishers to earn revenue from their websites or online platforms by serving ads that are relevant to their content and audience.

Here's how Google AdSense works:

Application and approval: Publishers apply to participate in the AdSense program by submitting an application through the Google AdSense website. Once the application is reviewed and approved, publishers gain access to AdSense features and tools.

Ad placement: Publishers can choose from various ad formats provided by Google, including text ads, display ads, video ads, and responsive ads. They can customize the appearance and placement of the ads on their website to blend with their content and optimize user experience.

Ad targeting and relevancy: AdSense uses contextual targeting and advanced algorithms to analyze the content of a website and deliver ads that are relevant to the website's audience. This helps to increase the chances of users clicking on the ads, generating revenue for the publisher.

Cost per click (CPC) or cost per thousand impressions (CPM): Advertisers bid on specific keywords or display placements through Google Ads. When a user clicks on an ad (CPC) or when the ad is viewed a certain number of times (CPM), the publisher earns a portion of the revenue generated from that click or impression. The amount earned can vary depending on factors such as the competitiveness of the ad's keywords and the ad's performance.

Payment and earnings: Google manages the ad serving, billing, and payment processes. Publishers can track their earnings and performance through the AdSense dashboard. Payments are typically made on a monthly basis, and publishers must reach a minimum threshold to receive payment.

Ad policy compliance: Publishers must adhere to Google's ad policies, which outline guidelines for content, prohibited content types, ad placement, and user experience. Failure to comply with these policies can result in penalties or account suspension.

Google AdSense provides an accessible and user-friendly way for publishers to monetize their websites or online content. It offers a potential revenue stream for content creators, while also providing advertisers with a platform to reach their target audience effectively.

HHIGH VOLTAGE CABLE TESTS AT MANUFACTURERS WORKS PREMICESES

Plant Materials and Equipment Testing Procedure

Where no specific test is specified then the various items of plant, materials and equipment shall be tested in accordance with the appropriate IEC standard. Where no appropriate standard is available, tests shall be carried out in accordance with the maker’s standard practice, subject to the prior approval of the Engineer. 

In all cases, works tests shall include electrical mechanical and hydraulic tests in addition to any tests called for by the Engineer to ensure that the plant being supplied fulfill the requirements of the Specification.

If considered necessary by the Engineer any multi-part assemblies shall be fully erected in the Works prior to packing and dispatch to Site.

All tests to be performed during manufacture, fabrication and inspection shall be agreed with the Engineer prior to commencement of the work. The inspection schedule included in the Schedules of Miscellany shall be used for this purpose. The Service-provider shall prepare the details of the schedule and submit these to the Engineer for approval.

It must be ensured that adequate relevant information on the design, code/standard employed, the manufacture/fabrication/assembly procedure and the attendant quality control steps proposed are made available to the Engineer. The Engineer will mark in the appropriate spaces his intention to attend or waive the invited tests, or inspections.

A minimum of 14 days notice in writing, of the readiness of plant for test or inspection shall be provided to the Engineer by the Service-provider in accordance with the following:

Following Information for Manufacturer works testing

The Service-provider shall submit to the Engineer sequentially numbered applications for inspection which shall contain the following information.

Contract number;

Contract title;

Service-providers Name;

Inspection application number;

Manufacturers name, address, telephone and telex numbers, plus name of manufacturers staff responsible for the testing and manufacturer’s works order number;

Location of tests;

Date of tests;

Description in full of Plant offered for inspection (Service-providers order references alone are insufficient and unacceptable);

Section of the Works which Plant is allocated;

Schedule of tests be followed and standard to be applied;

List of the Engineers approved drawing numbers appropriate to the Plant offered;

Sub-order number;

The subject items should remain available for Engineers inspection and test up to a minimum of 10 days beyond the agreed date of witnessing the test;
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Every facility in respect of access, drawings, instruments, and manpower shall be provided by the Service-provider and his Sub-Service-provider to enable the Engineer or his designated representative to carry out the necessary inspection and testing of the Plant.

No equipment shall be packed, prepared for shipment, or dismantled for the purpose of packing for shipment, unless it has been satisfactorily inspected, and approved for shipment, or alternatively inspection has been waived. The Service-provider shall request permission to dispatch in writing.

Tests should be Carry-out by Service-Provider

Functional electrical, mechanical and hydraulic tests shall be carried out on the completed plant after assembly in the Works. The extent of these tests and method of recording the results shall be submitted to, and agreed by, the Engineer in sufficient time to enable the tests to be satisfactorily witnessed, or if necessary for any changes required to the proposed programme of tests to be agreed.

All instruments and apparatus used in the performance of the tests shall be to the approval of the Engineer, and, if required by the Engineer, shall be calibrated to an agreed standard at the National Physical Laboratories or equivalent centre and approved by the Engineer.

The cost of carrying out such calibrations shall be borne by the Service-provider in all cases.

The Engineer reserves the right to visit the Service-provider’s Works at any reasonable time during manufacture of the items of plant and to familiarize him with the progress made and the quality of the work to date.

Tests and Testing Materials

Requirements for the testing of castings and forgings and weld procedures are derailed in this Specification. Representative samples of all plates, bars and pipes etc. Which form components of the plant shall be tested as required by the relevant standard or code or at the request or the Engineer.

All test pieces shall be prepared and supplied by the Service-provider at his own cost. If any test piece fails to comply with the requirements of the specification ions for the material in question, the Engineer may reject the whole of the material represented by that test piece.

All-import forgings are to be examined jointly at the maker’s works by the Engineer with the representatives of the manufacturers during forging and heat treatment.

Test Records and Test Certificates

Within 30 days of the completion of any test, four sets of all principal test records, test certificates and correction and performance curves for the Plant and its component parts shall be supplied to the Engineer’s Head office.

These test records, certificates and performance curves shall be supplied for all tests, whether or not they have been witnessed by the Engineer or his Representative. The information given on such test certificates and curves shall be sufficient to identify the material or equipment to which the certificate refers and should also bear the contract reference title. It shall be possible to identify the item of plant to which a specific test certificate refers, including those of sub-components and the specific site for which the item is allocated.

Service-providers order numbers or drawing reference numbers are not sufficient for this purpose without a description of the plant involved.
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Test certificate shall provide full details of the measurements of their tolerances, and actual test values obtained. Certificates simply stating phrases such as ‘Fussed’ or ‘tested in Accordance With are not acceptable.

When all equipment has been tested the test certificates from all Works and Site tests shall be compiled by the Service-provider into volumes and bound in an approved form complete with index and included in the appropriate Operation and Maintenance manuals.