An electrical shock occurs when an individual comes into contact with an electrical energy source. When electricity passes through the body, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system and cause a range of effects, from mild tingling sensations to severe injury or even death. The severity of an electrical shock depends on various factors such as the amount of current, the pathway it takes through the body, the duration of exposure, and the voltage.
Even low levels of electrical current passing through the body can cause muscle contractions, burns, and pain. Higher levels of current can lead to more severe injuries, including damage to internal organs, cardiac arrest, and severe burns. It's crucial to take precautions around electricity and use safety measures such as insulating materials, proper grounding, and safety protocols to prevent electrical shocks.
The Current Limit and Physiological Effects of Electric Shock
The Fact of Fatal Current in Electrical Shock:
The real fact about fatal currents is that most fatal electric shocks happen to people who know better but ignore or are careless for a moment.
Firefighting and Portable Fire Extinguisher Using Guide
Millions of fire incidents happen each year at the workplace around the world, resulting in huge casualties and deaths. Just being familiar with and following simple firefighting and fire extinguisher using basic guidelines, it’s possible to save valuable life and properties. Including all working personnel in the workplace, everybody should know the basic rules to use a fire extinguisher and evacuation procedure if fired anywhere.
Types of Fire Extinguishers
Types of fire extinguishers are not the same for every country. Someone follow their own standard, but NFPA standards are very well-known and followed by many countries.
There are lots of juicy myths on various subjects like earthquake, eclipse, etc. in almost every nation; but the fact is that electricity myths are not jukes or fun, just a little mistake can cause of severe electrical shock, burn or even death!!
If you don’t sure or without advice from electrician, do not believe any myth on electricity. To know the fact contact your nearest electricity utility company or any electrical professional or electrician.
Our post on electricity myth and fact may not be juicy or folky but will give you some important information that will help to use safe electricity as well as save your electricity.
Myths and Facts on Electrical Safety
Myth: Power lines are insulated, no chance to shock.
Fact: Most of the powerlines are not insulated and insulated powerlines also can be lost their insulation any time very easily.
Myth: This line is safe because it is not a high voltage line.
Fact: Actually high voltage is not required to kill anyone, ampere flowing through the body is enough to kill. Our house using about 100 ampere where the 1-ampere shock is enough to fatal heart irregularities.
Fact: Only 100% pure rubber or especially electrical insulation type rubber is a good insulator, otherwise typically mixed materials used rubber gloves or shoes are not a good insulator.
Myth: Trimming the tree and touching on electric line for a short moment of time is not dangerous.
Fact: No, never do this. Call the nearest power utility department.
Myth: Digging a sallow/ few deep in the ground, no chance to reach an underground cable.
Fact: Underground cable may be in an upper layer than you are thinking, take advice from professional.
Myth: Electric shock become only for touching the live wire, close to it is no danger.
Fact: Closed to high voltage live line is as a danger as touching. Current can jump or arc. Keep a safe distance from the electric line always, at least 3 meters.
This is not a myth
Myths and Facts on Electric Bill
Myth: It takes more energy to turn on the switch for the light bulb or fan, so better to keep it on to save the electricity bill.
Myth: Keeping the AC running the whole day in the high setting is better than running at end of the day while the room is heated, this way saves energy.
Fact:Not a wise decision, cooling the hot room down takes less energy than running the AC the whole day in any setting.
Myth: The same device takes more energy in the 240V system than the 110V system.
Fact: No, the energy measured by a unit in watts comes from the multiplication of voltage and current. In an electrical system power/watt is always the same, if the voltage increases the current decreases proportionally and vice-versa. So, wattages remain the same and so does the cost.
Myth: Faulty wiring is the cause of paying more electric bills than that used.
Fact: Yes, if the wiring system with small leakage that will not lead your line to shut off, but some leakage current always passes out from the circuit even all the switches, that you have not used but counted on the energy meter for billing at end of the month.
Myth: Mis-wiring or using undersized wire causes more electric bills.
Fact: Yes, using undersized cable in house wiring is cause to pay more electric bill than that used. If the cable/wire size is not enough to carry the current safely, the wire becomes heated, and extra electrical energy uses as dissipated heat energy is the cause of the extra electric bill. Sponsored:
What is Electricity Kite?
Franklin wrote an article for the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1752, an article that tried to prove theoretically the existence of electricity. Franklin chooses a cloudy and stormy day to do his experiment, flying a kite to reach near lightning. Franklin's kite was silken, complete with the lightning road, a key sagging on the end of the string. When lighting struck the Franklin kite volt traveled through the string and charged the metal key. Franklin touching the key got shocked and proved the existence of electricity.
Last Line: Enjoy the myths but remember the fact before coming near to electricity.
Consumable Lubricant, grease, Oil and Chemical for Electrical Plants
All lubricants proposed for the works should be suitable for all operating and environmental conditions that will be met on site.
All oils and greases should where possible be readily available in the country of installation.
The number of oils and greases should be kept to a minimum and the Service-provider should submit to the Engineer for approval a schedule containing all items of the works, which require lubrication together with the quantity type and grade of lubricants required.
The Service-provider should supply the first fill of lubricants for all plant supplied under the requirement and any addition up to the final date arising from the reliability trial and previous operation.
The Service-provider should provide to the Employer at the issue of the taking over certification for each section of the works sufficient flushing oils, lubricants and greases necessary for efficiency operating and maintaining the plant at full load 24 hours per day for a period of 12 months.
Lubricant Storage and Handling for Construction Plant
Considering the consumption rate storage lubricant packages may different forms like- pails (20 liters), drums (200 liters), totes (1600 liters) and bulk tanks. To select the suitable package you need to analysis of the past history considering:
Historical average consumption rate;
Refill emergency and delivery delay;
Delivery standard time;
Delivery delay risk considering natural and man-made causes;
The lubricant storage compound may depend upon their hazardous characteristics. For lubricant compound or storage building may consider the following points: Sponsored:
Access for delivery, transfer and emergency period;
How minimize the risk to nearby premises on & off site in a fire;
Fire proof construction;
Distance from electrical structure/equipment;
Distance from explosive/hazardous substances;
Safe distance from any substances;
Well ventilated and lighted are;
Well equipped for fire detection and protection; etc.
It’s important that storage life of lubricant depends on varying temperature and humid environment. Extreme hot or cool environment may cause of chemical degradation; so storage building temperature conditioning is necessary to keep the chemical in good.
Similarly, hydroscopic petroleum chemical when exposed to humid air they absorbed moisture. Moisture immediately degrade the chemical properties.
So, there is very much chance at site storage in a construction plant to degrade the chemical if not taken extra care about it, due to temperature and humidity, because not always possible to arrange proper store due to environmental, financial or space constraints.
Transportation of Chemical
Transportation of lubricant or any chemical should be under especial regulation comprising local and international codes. Transport may be by road, rail, sea or air; but everywhere should be follow following requirements:
detail documentation;
classification and packaging each item and marking properly;
suitable container and its examination & testing properly;
details information like duties of consignors, operators, drivers, etc.;
adequate warning labels to be displayed on containers, tanks, and wagons;
information regarding loading and unloading procedure;
training of crews/drivers and others who will handle the goods;
security and safety measures for any emergency situation;
especial requirements if required.
All kind of lubricant and chemical handling and storing details are described in particular materials MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) that should be available in storage area in a dedicated way. Regarding MSDS there is a complete post where a list of website denoted for finding MSDS in online MSDS & HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORING Sponsored Link:
Personal Protection & Chemical Handling
Must consider the wearing PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) in general working time and chemical handling time is not same hazard risk. Occasionally, personal protection may be the only practicable measure and a legal requirement, but keep in mind sometime really necessary to protect the life! So, project engineer must ensure the personal protection at site during execute the project site works; and ensure supply sufficient PPE.
Chemicals and other Consumable
The require chemicals and consumable includes for the provision of all chemicals, resins, and other consumables required for testing, commissioning and setting to work of each section of the works.
The Service-provider should provide all such chemicals and other consumables required for the efficient operation and maintenance of the plant at full load 24 hours per day for a period of 12 months for each section of the works from the date of the final certificate.
The Service-provider should prepare a list of these consumables giving quantities necessary for each section of the works and the recommended suppliers.
The IEC has now more than 10 000 valid publications in its library.
In 2017, 841 publications were issued, including 507 IEC International Standards, 44 Technical Specifications, 71 Technical Reports, 9 Publicly Available Specifications, and 3 Guides, as well as 207 publications developed outside of the IEC.
Within the four IEC CA Systems, certification bodies issued around 100 000 certificates in 2017, covering a large number of different technologies, products, systems, and services as well as the competence of persons undertaking key roles including maintenance and repair.
General Packing and Marking Specification for Engineering Plant and Equipment Shipment
The purpose of this article to provide the general packing and marking specification and guideline to the suppliers, employers, vendors, transportation and erection contractor for an engineering plant and equipment shipment in an electrical power transmission line underground cable installation project under turnkey basis. The service-provider or the main contractor is the responsible to shift and transport the equipment and plant from abroad and within the employer country following the all rules and regulations.
This specification or guideline is the minimum requirements, the service-provider or vendor will ensure by his own experience using the nature of plant item and exact requirements in destination.
All Plant provided under this contract shall have the packing marked in the following manner.
A green band shall be painted all around each package. The band shall be 8” wide or ¼ of the length of the packing whichever is the less. Each package should have the following information printed on it in bold letters:-
Port of Loading; Name of Consignee; Purchase Order Number; Brief description of Stores; Number of Package; Gross, tare and net weight; Measurements; Contractors Name; Contract Title; Contract Number; Port of Landing.
All members comprising multipart assembles, e.g. steel frameworks, are to be marked with distinguishing numbers and/or letters corresponding to those of the approved drawings or materials lists.
Colour banding and approved code is to be employed to identify members of similar shape or type but of differing strengths or grades.
Cases containing delicate items such as relays and instruments should carry a separate marking.
The Adequate Painting and Cleaning Plan for Erection Contract
The requirements of this article on painting and cleaning schedules of a contract should be interpreted in accordance with the requirements and recommendations of standard BS 5493 and CP 231, CP 3012 and the paint manufacturer’s special instructions where applicable.
Color selection should be in accordance with BS 1710 and BS 4800 or equivalent material standards.
The Paint Supplier Selection
Immediately following the award of a Contract, the Service provider should submit the names of the proposed paint supplier and applicator together with a quality assurance program for approval. All paints for a contract should be provided by one manufacturer and preferably should be manufactured in one country to ensure compatibility
Schedule and Service Life for Painting Work
The painting of the plant should be carried out in accordance with the appropriate schedule. The work is generally covered by the schedules but where particular items are not referred to specifically, they should be treated in a manner similar to other comparable items as agreed with the Engineer.
The schedule indicate standards of surface preparation and painting which is intended to give a minimum service life of 10 years in a coastal industrial environment, with need for minor remedial work only during the intervening period.
How Ensure Painting Standard
Steel sections and plate should be free from surface flaws and laminations prior to blast cleaning and should not be in worse condition than Pictorial Standard B, Swedish Standard SIS 05 5900. Sponsored:
The Engineer is prepared to consider alternative paint schemes to meet the requirements of fabrication using modern automated materials handling systems, provided they offer the same standards of surface protection and service life as those intended by the schedules.
All coating proposed for the internal protection of domestic water storage tanks and Employer sanitation plants should be certified by an approved independent Authority as suitable for use in potable water installations and should meet the non-painting requirements of BS 3416.
The Painting and Cleaning Procedure
All paints should be applied by brush or spray in accordance with the schedule, except for priming coats for steel floors, galleries and stairways where dipping is permitted.
Where paint is to be applied by spray, the applicator should demonstrate that the spray technique employed does not produce paint films containing vacuoles.
Where paint coatings are proposed for the protection of surfaces of equipment exposed to corrosive conditions, such as plant items exposed to brines or sea water immersion in liquid, or wet gases, the coatings should be formulated to the suitably corrosion resistant and should be high voltage spark tested at works and/or at site prior to commissioning.
High Voltage Direct Current Test Procedure for Painting
The test procedure should be based on the use of a high voltage direct current. The voltage used should be 75% of the breakdown voltage of the coating. This breakdown voltage should first be separately determined using test plates coated with the specified coating formulation and thickness. The coating on the test plate should also be micro-sectioned by the applicator to show that it is free from vacuoles and other defects likely to invalidate the test procedure.
If the defects revealed by the above test procedure do not exceed one per 5m2 of coating surface, the coating need not be re-tested after the defects have been repaired. If the defects exceed one per 5 m2 of coating surface, the repairs should be resettled after any curing is completed, and this procedure should be repeated until the defects are less than one per 5 m2 of coating surface. After repair of these defects, the equipment can be placed in service without further testing.
Especial Consideration for Painting and Cleaning
Weather Condition: Painting should not be carried out under adverse weather conditions, such as low temperature (below 40oC) or above 90% relative humidity or during rain or fog, or when the surfaces are less than 30oC above dew point, except to the approval of the Engineer or his duly appointed representative.
Dew Linger Point: On sheltered or unventilated horizontal surfaces on which dew may linger more protection is needed and to achieve this additional top coat of paint should be applied.
Damp & Condensation: Paint should not be applied to surfaces which are superficially or structurally damp and condensation must be absent before the application of each coat.
Sheet & Bright Parts: All plain sheet and bright parts should be coated with grease, oil or other approved rust preventive before dispatch and during erection and this coating should be cleaned off and the parts polished before being handed over.
Joint Part: Where lapped or butted joints form part of an assembly which is assembled or part assembled prior to final painting, the jointed surfaces should be cleaned free from all scales, loose rust, dirt and grease and given one brush applied coat of zinc phosphate primer before assembly.
Paint Film Thickness: All paint film thickness quoted are minimum and refer to the dry film condition. All thickness should be determined by the correct use of approved commercial paint film thickness measuring meters.
All structural timber like timber joists, flooring, etc. not require to be painted and should be treated with two coats exterior grade approved timber preservative. Sponsored:
Adequate Permission for Painting and Cleaning
Priming coats of paint should not be applied until the surfaces have been inspected and preparatory work has been approved by the Engineer or his duly appointed representative.
No consecutive coats of paint, except in the case of white, should be of the same shade. Thinners should not be used except with the written agreement of the Engineer.
The schedules differentiate between Treatment at Maker’s Works and Treatment at Site after Completion of Erection but the locations at which different stages of the treatments are carried out may be modified always providing that each change is specifically agreed to by the Engineer and the painting is finished at Site to the Engineer’s satisfaction.
The Service provider should ensure that precautions are taken in packing and crating to avoid damage to the protective treatment applied before shipment, during transport to the site.
