Relays: LEXIS OF RELAY

What Is Relay? How Do Relay Work?

 Relay a device that opens or closes a contact when energized. Relays are most commonly used in power systems, where their function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other abnormal or dangerous occurrences and to initiate appropriate control action. 

When the voltage or current in a relay exceeds the specified “pickup” value, the relay contact changes its position and causes an action in the circuit breaker. A decision is made based on the information from the measuring instruments and relayed to the trip coil of the breaker, hence the name “relay.” Other relays are used as switches to turn on or off equipment.

 

Buchholz Relay for Power Transformer Protection Device

How does a Buchholz Relay Protect Power Transformer?

A Buchholz relay is a protective device used to protect power transformers from internal faults and incipient failures. It is an essential component of a power transformer's protection and monitoring system. The Buchholz relay operates on the principle of detecting abnormal conditions within the transformer's oil-filled tank. Here's how it works and how it protects power transformers:

Underground Power Cable Site Test after Installation

Fig- Cable High Voltage Testing Kit

Site Test or Pre-commissioning Test Just after Underground Power Cable Installation

Many cable failures are the result of poor installation practices; so, all new installations should be thoroughly tested before they are put into service. Since the cable itself will have been tested at the factory, on-site testing of newly installed cables focuses on identifying localized problems that have occurred during installation. 

Site test after installation of the underground power cable is required to confirm that the line is installed correctly and there is no damage during laying.

CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMERS) IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

What is CT or Current Transformer in an Electrical Distribution System

The CT an abbreviation of Current Transformer is a type of instrument transformer that is used to measure the current in AC or Alternating Current systems, taking the reduced amount from its secondary winding which is proportional to the primary winding that is being measured.

What is Ferrite Bead?

A ferrite bead is an electronic filter circuit that is also known by many different names- a ferrite block, ferrite core, ferrite ring, EMI filter, or ferrite choke.

Interestingly is that most people who use laptops, computers, or similar electronic types of equipment are familiar with Ferrite Beads, we see them every day, but many of us do not know the name of this guy.

It looks a like short barrel at the end of old USB cables, data cables, etc.

What is the Advantages and Disadvantages of D.C. and A.C. Transmission System?

What is the Advantages and Disadvantages of D.C. (Direct Current) and A.C. (Alternating Current) Transmission System?

The electrical energy transmission can be transmitted either by means of DC- Direct Current or AC- Alternating Current each system has its own advantages and disadvantages. From that point of view, we want to discuss today the technical advantages and disadvantages of the two electrical energy transmission systems for of electric power network.

D.C. Energy Transmission System

From the couple of years past, engineers in transmission sector are rethinking the DC electric transmission system. DC electric power transmission has been receiving the active consideration due to its numerous advantages as bellow:

Advantages of DC Electrical Energy Transmission System.

The high voltage DC energy transmission has the following advantages over the high voltage AC energy transmission system.

(i) DC system requires only two conductors comparing to three for AC transmission;

(ii) In DC transmission system there is no presence of inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problems comparing AC transmission system;

(iii) In DC electric transmission line has better voltage regulation comparing AC system due to the absence of inductance. For a particular same load the voltage drop in a DC transmission line is less than the AC;

(iv) The total conductor cross section of the transmission line is utilized due to their no skin effect in a DC system;

(v) For the same working voltage, the potential stress on the insulation is less in case of DC system than that in AC system. So, a DC line requires less insulation;

(vi) There in a DC line has less corona loss and reduced interference with communication circuits;

(vii) The high voltage DC transmission is free from the dielectric losses, particularly in the case of cables;

(viii) In DC transmission system, there are no stability problems and synchronizing difficulties comparing AC system.

You may read the another article to know details about D.C. transmission and distribution:

HVDC Transmission and Distribution System Network

Disadvantages of DC Electrical Energy Transmission System

The high voltage DC energy transmission has the following dis advantages over the high voltage AC energy transmission system.

(i) Due to commutation problems the electric power cannot be generated at high DC voltage that is one of the disadvantage of DC system;

(ii) Stepped up or stepped down in electric energy transmission system is an important factor, but in the DC voltage cannot be stepped up for transmission of power at high voltages;

(iii) The DC switches and circuit breakers have their own limitations.

A.C. Energy Transmission System

Now-a-days, most of electrical energy transmission system is in Alternating Current or AC system. Exclusively generation, transmission and distribution system is popular in all over the world.

Advantages of AC Electrical Energy Transmission System

(i) It is easy and can be generated at high voltages AC electric power system;

(ii) The maintenance of AC sub-stations is easy and cheaper than DC transmission system;

(iii) The AC voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by transformers with ease and efficiency that is not possible in DC energy transmission system. This permits to transmit power at high voltages and distribute it at safe potentials in AC electric transmission system.

Disadvantages of AC Electrical Energy Transmission System

(i) An AC transmission conductor copper is required more copper than a DC transmission line;

(ii) The construction of AC transmission electric line network is more complicated than a DC transmission electric line network;

(iii) Due to skin effect in the AC system, the effective resistance of the line is increased;

(iv) The AC line system has capacitance. Therefore, there is a continuous loss of power due to charging current even when the line is open.

Phantom Loads Are Costing You an Extra Electric Bill

Cost Cut by Phantom Energy

Did you ever think, how much extra electric bill you are paying for Phantom loads? May not! but you will find it remarkable after reading this article.

What is Phantom Load?

Phantom load is standby load or standby power, Phantom load is also known as Vampire Power, Vampire draw, ghost load or leaking electricity. Phantom or Vampire power is the electricity consumption of any electrical equipment when it is kept in standby mode.

In our modern life, we use in our every house hues electronic devices like -

TVs

Computers/ Laptops

Cell Phones
VCRs, DVD players and DVRs
Battery operated many other devices
Clock Radios
Microwave Ovens
Coffeemakers
Power strips
Emergency lights

Charger Fans
Answering machines
Any device with a remote control

washing Machines
Any device with a clock

Water Cooler/ heater

Air Freshener
Any device that is programmable
Any device with a power light or standby indicator light, & many more.

These useless energy draws are known as phantom loads. The energy wasted over time due to phantom loads can be substantial. Identifying and eliminating phantom loads will lower your home energy use, save you money over time, and help lower your carbon footprint.

How Eliminate Phantom Load Costing From Your Monthly Electric Bill?

Using simple and easy tricks, you can identify your energy stealer and reduce your Phantom or Vampire electric load.

1. First of all, identify the prime sources of phantom loads that steal your energy and increase your month-end electric bill; then act to eliminate Vampire loads.
2. Unplug all the Phantom loaded devices like- cell phones, cameras and any other chargers as soon as the battery is fully charged.

3. Use smart strips or power bars to plug all your electronic devices like TV, DVD, Computer or Laptop, Cell Phone charger etc. that will be automatically turn off when you switch off the power bar.

4. Similar devices like Computer or Laptop, using sleep mode rather screen saver Phantom Power may reduce.

5. Energy Star labelled electronic devices use about 50% less energy than less-efficient models, so buying electronic appliances with energy star labels may reduce Vampire load.

To prevent phantom load finally we can say turn off the device by switching off the switch or removing the cable from the power plug.

To know more about energy saving techniques in detail about different kinds of loads, you better read the full article: 

ENERGY-SAVING TIPS FOR YOUR HOME APPLIANCES

Advantages of Phantom Load

We cannot treat the Phantom or Standby power negatively, usually, we are getting many advantages from Phantom Power.

1. Consuming Phantom Power is keeping the device alive, it is always not an entertainment device, maybe life-supporting or any emergency appliances.
2. The Standby Power supply may use some extra energy but shows the device is energized.
3. Using some extra power devices turn on very quickly and easily from the remote control area.
4. Using Phantom power it keeps the clock alieves for the system.
5. Using some Phantom Power it makes ensure the emergency charging equipment is fully charged and ready, etc. 

How Calculate Your Phantom Load?

We actually don’t know any standard to calculate Phantom Power but can estimate how much is consuming our appliances as Phantom Load, depending on the connected load it may not excite 70 to 90 watts. Phantom load depends on different brands of devices. Just to gauge about Vampire Phantom load calculation consider as below:

A television set may draw up to 40 watts;

A DVR unit may draw as much as 30 watts;

A laptop computer in sleep mode draw up to 50 watts;

In conclusion, we can say by eliminating Vampire Power phantom loads in the home and office, we can save up to 10% on our energy bills.

Who Will Give Perfect Advice in Bangladesh to Reduce Phantom or Vampire Power?

The main power utility company and agency list in Bangladesh is as below:

1. BERC (Bangladesh Power Regulatory Commission)
2. BPDB (Bangladesh Power Development Board)
3. APSCL ( Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited)
4. EGCB (Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh)
5. NWPGCL (North-West Power Generation Company Limited)
6. IPP (Independent Power Producer)
7. RPCL (Rural Power Company Limited)
8. PGCB (Power Grid Company of Bangladesh)
9. DPDC (Dhaka Power Distribution Company Ltd)
10. DESCO (Dhaka Power Supply Company Ltd)
11. WZPDCL (West Zone Power Distribution Company Ltd)
12. SZPDCL (South Zone Power Distribution Company Ltd)
13. REB (Rural Electrification Board)
14. PBS ( Palli Bidyut Samity)

The above-listed utility companies and agencies are the main energy distribution and transmission companies in Bangladesh. They have a separate one-stop service desk to educate and learn the consumers.  Utility company educate their users to reduce the electricity uses like Phantom or Vampire Power and energy saving trips in daily use. You may find the best solution to reduce the Phantom loads and electric bill.

How Can Convert Single Phase Power Into Three Phase?

You may find there three options to convert the single phase power convert into three phase, such as-

1. static converter- using capacitor to create a power waveform;
2. rotary converter- using connect single-phase motor to three-phase generator; 
3. electronic converter- using single-phase power converting into DC and then inverting into three-phase AC.

Converting Single Phase Power Into Three Phase: Using Digital Converter

Here in this article we will discuss and try to give very basic idea about converting the single phase power into three phase power in different practicable way. This is not the detail circuit diagram or shop design. This is the conceptual drawing that will help a beginner to start their project or enlarge their thinking about critical power supply.

Convert Single Phase Into Three Phase

 A digital phase converter actually creates a three phase from a single phase power  using a digital signal processor (DSP) or a electronic circuit what is used to control power electronic devices to generate a third phase of voltage.

This type of phase converter is much more balanced and stable system, so far using a two to three phase converter.

Principle of Digital Single to Three Phase Converter:

The digital phase converter actually convert the  AC power from the utility to DC, then back to AC. The power switching devices Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) is uses to process.

"The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor also called an IGBT for short, is something of a cross between a conventional Bipolar Junction Transistor, (BJT) and a Field Effect Transistor, (MOSFET) making it ideal as a semiconductor switching device".

In converter circuit, IGBTs in series with inductors are used in series with the input rectifier circuit where IGBTs are controlled by pre-programmed software in DSP to draw the sinusoidal current from the single-phase line charging capacitors on a constant DC voltage. Also the controlled rectifier input allows power factor correction.

The Power drawn from output of IGBTs are not sinusoidal AC voltage.
It is actually very high harmonic distorted  pulse-width modulated (PWM) waveform, when this passes through an inductor/capacitor filter circuit then output become conventional a sine wave voltage.

Converting Single Phase Power Into Three Phase: Using Three Phase Motor

It can make a Rotary Phase Converter using a three phase motor started up in Single Phase with the spare leg connected to Capacitors to cause a phase shift to make the motor start up and run.

Using the following connection procedure a single phase motor can drive a three phase generator, means it convert a single phase source into a three phase power source.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Converters 

Considering the above mentioned three types of converters we can conclude that static converters have lots of problems, and are generally a seriously inferior solution, but they are cheaper and do work in some situations. On the other way moderately but cleanest three-phase power generator is the rotary converters, but  they have moving parts. Finally the  electronic converters are also fairly expensive but have no moving parts.

AMAZING ELECTRICITY FACTS

 

Amazing Facts about Electricity That Makes You Feel Interesting

The history of electrical energy invention is not too long, but within a very short period we depended on such a way that every breath of life driving by electricity.

Today, this planet without electricity! does it make sense ?

Any important resources of a country, we can calculate or imagine the amount or preserve for future; but amazing fact is that we cannot directly store the electrical energy for future use. It is like a sunlight, shiny sky more light, cloudy sky no light.

 Generator running means electricity presence, generator off means electricity absence.

Amazing Facts about Electricity and Light

Electricity being usable like light while it is on traveling, speed of electricity also near about light speed 186,000 miles per second. Electricity and light not possible to store yet in its own form.

If you want to switch on a light bulb at moon from the switch in your bedroom, it will take nearly 1.3 second!

The biggest natural phenomena of electricity is lightning, lightning is nothing but a discharge of electricity in the atmosphere, during lightning temperature reaches nearly in 54,000^oF.

The electrical pressure of lightning can measure up to three million (3,000,000) volts, and it lasts less than one second!

Amazing Electricity Facts about Using Energy

We use electricity to light up, but only 10% of electrical energy is used to create the light in a conventional light bulb and rest of it uses as heat. Compact Florescent Lamp (CFL) uses 80% less electricity than conventional lamp.

In average nearly 70% electricity uses in home appliance electronic devises while it is in OFF (standby) mode.

When your using load characteristic is inductive then you can reduce your monthly electricity bill adding additional capacitive load! Technically is known as power factor improvement device.

 Amazing Facts about Electrical Shock

People is working on live-line touching millions of volt without electrical shock, on the other hand only 110 volts may cause of serious electrical shock injury even death. 

Electricity always tries to find the easiest path to the ground, with ground path touching electricity even small volt become dangerous where million volts are safe while there are no find any ground path.

Electric eels can produce shocks of 500 volts or more for both self-defense and hunting!

Interesting Facts about Electricity

Electricity is an energy that produce due to flow of electron!

Electricity travels like light speed and electric charge behave like magnet- similar charge repels and opposite charge attracts each other.

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Electricity can be made from wind, water, the sun, nuclear fuel, coal even human urine (click to know more).

Human body can produce electricity on itself to functioning its different organs, human electricity is able to light up a 20 watt bulb light! Electricity plays an important role in the way of human heart functioning. Muscle cells in the heart are contracted by electricity that runs through the whole body.

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, on the other hand electric motor is a device that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Final Fact

The real fact is that to transfer electrical energy from one place to others a huge costly metallic structure is required in worldwide.

Now people is expecting an amazing fact that to transfer electrical energy from one place to other without any wire!

Yes, that technology is also possible and already knocking in your door!

JACK AND PLUG CONFIGURATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Jack & Plug or Plug & Socket Configuration in Various Countries

Fig-Plug and Socket Types

There is no guy who hasn’t faced fixing unmatched Plug & Socket or Jack & Plug ever you say. Especially you, who frequently visit the different location or live in an Asian country where not follow any specific standard, often face this problem during using computer/laptop, mobile etc charger.

Most of the developed countries use jack and plug configuration as per some international standard or their local standard, but many countries do not follow any specific standard, they use various configurated jack and plugs which causes this problem.

Some of the standard jack and plug descriptions are quoted below that are used in Europe, America and other countries-

Jack                   Plug	Description	Using Countries
	Schuko European CEE 7	EU, Austria, Netherland, French, Germany, Irish, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
	Ungrounded Eurocord CEE 7/16	EU, Belgium, Denmark, Netherland, French, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Singapore
	Belgium/ French Socket CEE 7/7	Belgium, French
	British Standard BS 1363	French, Irish, UK, Singapore
	Old British Standard BS 546	Portugal, Spain
	North American Ungrounded	Mexico, Canada
	North American NEMA 5-15	Canada
	Australian Standard AS/NZS 3312	Australia
Typical Pipe Work In a Project	Japanese Standard JIS C 8303	Japan

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3. Earthing or Grounding System

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Most Using Standard in Electrical Engineering 

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NFPA - National Fire Protection Association - National code that covers anything to do with flammable stuff (electrical, dust, combustibles, sprinklers, fire alarms, etc);

NEC - National Electric Code, NFPA 70 (NEC is a section of the NFPA code) - Addresses proper installation of electrical equipment, devices and wiring.

The first NEC document was written in 1897 at the insistence of various insurance, electrical, architectural and other interested parties. Up to and including 2008, there have been a total of 51 editions. It is revised on a regular three-year schedule. The National Electrical Code is divided into approximately 120 articles;

NEMA - National Electric Manufacturers Association- the trade organization for electrical manufacturers. Sets common rules, practices and certifications for the manufacture of electrical components and devices;

IEC - International Electric Code - International version of NEMA,

IEC set requirements that cover the installation and management of electronic systems along with wiring and electric shock protection.

Quiz: Here is a Jack & Plug quiz for the readers; We everybody have seen the three pin Jack & Plug, if you look at this three pin plug again, there are two pin for phase and neutral are same size, and one pin for earthing or grounding which is thicker and bigger than others.

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Question for you, why this earthing pin is thicker and bigger than others? 

You can give your answer in the comments below.