JACK AND PLUG CONFIGURATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Fig-Plug and Socket Types

Jack & Plug or Plug & Socket Configuration in Various Countries

There is no guy who hasn’t faced fixing an unmatched Plug & Socket or Jack & Plug, ever, you say. Especially you, who frequently visit different locations or live in an Asian country where not follow any specific standard, often face this problem when using a computer/laptop, mobile, etc., charger.

Isolator Phase Connect and Disconnect Sequence

 

High Voltage Isolator Phase Connect and Disconnect Sequence: A Complete Technical Guide for Substation Engineers

Learn the correct high voltage isolator (disconnector) switching sequence, three-phase interlocking logic, and IEC/IEEE standard references for safe substation switching operations.

Alarm Equipment Details for HV & EHV Power Transmission System

Fig: Fire drill in an airport

Alarm Equipment Associate with the Power Control Panel in the Transmission Grid Station

Where an alarm system is specified in this article, especially for high-voltage transmission grid and normal Voltage Distribution substation, it should consist of an initiating device, a display unit, and push buttons mounted on the front of the appropriate control panel, together with a continuously rated audible warning device, flasher unit, and relays. The relays should, wherever possible, be mounted inside the same panel; where the number of alarms to be displayed makes this impracticable, a separate alarm relay cubicle or cubicles will be considered as an alternative.

Conductor Stranding Perspective of Power Cable Construction

Conductor Stranding Perspective of Power Cable Construction

Conductor stranding is a major aspect of cable construction that came long experience in different circumstances. 

The problem with larger sizes of solid conductors is too rigid for installation in curvy areas, jointing, and termination work. The solution to these difficulties comes from conductor stranding. 

The procedure of stranding is used depending on the metal temper and types. In general Copper conductor and Aluminum, copper conductors and aluminum conductors are used for power cable construction. Normally Aluminum is softer than Copper, so the use limit is higher than that of copper.

Fig: Conductor strands arrangement system

How Important the Electricity in Our Daily Life?

Electricity in Life

Importance of Electricity in Our Daily Life

Electricity is one of the most important blessings that the creator has given to mankind as a result of modern science. Now days electricity is so important that science itself is paralyzed without electricity. So it has also become a part of our modern life, and one cannot think of a world for a single moment without electricity.

Switching and Earthing Operating Procedure

Switching and Earthing Operative Procedure in Electrical Energy Network

 

The keywords of this article are Switching & Earthing; we are not going to learn technical details about switching and earthing procedures in this piece, but we would like to keep in limit our focus on the key points for the safe operation of the switching & earthing system.

How to Calculate Fuse Rating for Electrical Appliances?

Different Rating's Fuses

Fuse Rating Calculating Guide

The function of a fuse is to break a circuit when a current threshold is exceeded. It’s a single-function device, and historically single-use. Calculating the rating of a very basic protection equipment fuse, we use the thumb rule, just select a fuse rated 150% - 200% of the normal operating current of the specific circuit. But actually, there are numerous calculations involved in determining an appropriate fuse rating. Frequently necessary to consider other factors- including ambient temperature, available energy during a fault, inrush current, etc.

How Does A Simple Lightning Conductor Protect A Building?

How Does A Simple Lightning Conductor Protect A Building?

A lightning conductor, or Lightning rod, is a metal rod or wire that is fixed to an uncovered part of a building's roof or other tall structure to collect lightning and divert harmlessly into the ground.

Fig. 1: Lightning struck at the tallest building in the city center

Lightning conductor or Lightning rod is the same thing, in the UK people say Lightning conductor, on the other hand, US & AUS people call it Lightning rod.

Story of Ancient Electricity

The ancient battery in the Baghdad Museum

Ancient Electricity Generation and Using Procedure

Herein this article will try the understand the history of the first electricity evaluation and ancient electricity generation procedures, and the uses of electricity. We also introduce ourselves to Baghdad Battery.

Electricity Myth and Fact in Our Socity

Electricity Myths Can Be a Killer

There are lots of juicy myths on various subjects like earthquake, eclipse, etc. in almost every nation; but the fact is that electricity myths are not jukes or fun, just a little mistake can cause of severe electrical shock, burn or even death!!

If you don’t sure or without advice from electrician, do not believe any myth on electricity. To know the fact, contact your nearest electricity utility company or any electrical professional or electrician.

Bangladesh Power Transmission and Distribution Line Privatization Plan

Bangladesh Power Transmission and Distribution System Planned to Operate through Private Ownership.

National electricity transmission and distribution line going to the private sector As a result, the private sector is also involved with the transmission system after the production of electricity. In the meantime, plans have been made to construct two transmission lines through the private sector.

Besides, the government has set a target of investing more than 4.5 billion taka by 2040 in private power sector. In this case, new investors will be given preference.

Relays: LEXIS OF RELAY

What Is Relay? How Do Relay Work?

 Relay a device that opens or closes a contact when energized. Relays are most commonly used in power systems, where their function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other abnormal or dangerous occurrences and to initiate appropriate control action. 

When the voltage or current in a relay exceeds the specified “pickup” value, the relay contact changes its position and causes an action in the circuit breaker. A decision is made based on the information from the measuring instruments and relayed to the trip coil of the breaker, hence the name “relay.” Other relays are used as switches to turn on or off equipment.

 

What Is the Voltage Classification?

Nominal Voltage Classification in Transmission and Distribution System

To identify the voltage level effortlessly in a transmission and distribution system a significant voltage classification is essential. The voltage class is used not only to identify the level of system voltage, but the main importance is to classify the Apparatus voltage ranges for the operation and maintenance of an electrical energy transmission and distribution system.

CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMERS) IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

What is CT or Current Transformer in an Electrical Distribution System

The CT an abbreviation of Current Transformer is a type of instrument transformer that is used to measure the current in AC or Alternating Current systems, taking the reduced amount from its secondary winding which is proportional to the primary winding that is being measured.

Which is a Good Conductor of Electricity?

Good and bad conductors define the flow of electricity concerning resistivity. Many metals are good conductors of electricity due to their free-flowing electrons, on the other hand, materials are bad conductors or insulators that insulate or resist to flow of the electrons freely. 

There are some of the best conductors include silver, copper, gold, and aluminum. Copper, in particular, is widely used in electrical wiring and electronics due to its excellent conductivity and affordability.

List of Electrical Conductor  Materials

The Fact About Electrical Shock and Physiological Effects

An electrical shock occurs when an individual comes into contact with an electrical energy source. When electricity passes through the body, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system and cause a range of effects, from mild tingling sensations to severe injury or even death. The severity of an electrical shock depends on various factors such as the amount of current, the pathway it takes through the body, the duration of exposure, and the voltage.

Even low levels of electrical current passing through the body can cause muscle contractions, burns, and pain. Higher levels of current can lead to more severe injuries, including damage to internal organs, cardiac arrest, and severe burns. It's crucial to take precautions around electricity and use safety measures such as insulating materials, proper grounding, and safety protocols to prevent electrical shocks.

The Current Limit and Physiological Effects of Electric Shock 

The Fact of Fatal Current in Electrical Shock:

The real fact about fatal currents is that most fatal electric shocks happen to people who know better but ignore or are careless for a moment.

How Measure Electricity Made Simple - Even Your Kids Can Do It

How to measure Your Electricity?

We are thinking about measuring electricity today, did you know that Ben Franklin helped us learn about electricity over 250 years ago? Even though we cannot see electricity, this does not mean that we cannot measure it. In fact, performing measurements is often the only way to tell whether electricity is actually flowing through a wire. Have you ever heard of a volt, an amp, or a watt? Do you know the difference between voltage, current and power?

Photo: You can use a digital multi-meter to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

Fear? Not If You Use How to Measure Electricity The Right Way!

Voltage Drop Calculation for Electrical Power Cable

What is Voltage Drop for Cable?

When current flows in a cable conductor a voltage drop is developed in between the ends of the conductor which is the product of flowing current and the impedance of the cable.

Why Calculation Voltage Drop?

It is a common obligation for the designer to calculate the voltage drop as requirements are the main factor in determining the minimum conductor sizes (cross-sectional area) that can be used for a particular electrical circuit.

How to Calculate Voltage Drop?

Calculating the voltage drop of a circuit the designer has two options to choose of them depending on the project requirements. These pretty two options are as below:

Simple Design Approach

Accurate Design Approach

The simple design approach is a rough estimated one which sometimes leads to the use of larger conductor cross-sectional areas than are necessary for the project. If you consider a simple approach, then basically the following information is needed:

·        

•     Type of cable;
•     Conductor cross-sectional area;
•     Method of installation (for AC circuits only);
•     Circuit route length;
•    Type of circuit (DC, single-phase AC or three-phase  AC);
•     Load on the circuit.

Information is not needed for a simple approach:

•   Type and nominal current rating of the associated overcurrent device;
•   Ambient temperature;
•   Whether the circuit is run singly or grouped with other  circuits;
•    The power factor of the load.

On the other hand, an accurate design approach takes more into consideration conductor operating temperature. Above mentioned four “not needed information” for a simple approach should consider for a more accurate approach, especially two factors namely:

•    The ambient temperature
•    Whether the circuit is to be run singly or grouped with other circuits.

Calculate Voltage Drop Smartly:

We who work with cable system sometimes have to calculate voltage drop in short and very smartly. Considering this point of view following two formulas may be helpful for voltage drop calculation smartly.

Voltage Drop Calculation Formula for Single Phase Circuit:

V_d=2Il (R cos ø + X sin ø)  V

Voltage Drop Calculation Formula for Three Phase Circuit:

V_d=√ 3 I l (R cos ø + X sin ø)  V

Where

V_d = Voltage drop in Volt;

I = Load current in Amper;

R =A C Resistance in Ω/km;

X =Reactance in Ω/km;

cos ø = Power factor;

l  = Length in km;

X = ^ωL10-3

 ^ω=2 π f

L = from table mh/km

The limit of voltage drop depends on national code and standards which vary from country to country, and hope we got some basic idea on Voltage Drop for Electrical Power Cable.

What are the Effect of an Electric Current?

The Three Major Effects of Electric Current: Heating Effect, Magnetic Effect & Chemical Effect

If electric current flows through a medium or conductor it will experience one or more effects of heating, magnetic or chemical.

 

Heating effect of electric current

When an electric current flows through a wire, the wire gets heated. This is called the heating effect of electric current.

When current flow through a conductor or the movement of electron in a conductor that causes energy flow and called current flow generates heat on the conductor. The amount of generated heat depends on the conductor volume, amount of current flow, and the duration of current flow.

Uses of heating effects of electric current- We can use this heating effect of an electric current in our daily life such the heating effect of electric current is used in electrical appliances like- electric bulb, electric heater, electric iron, electric room heater, immersion heater, electric kettle, hairdryer etc. 

All these electrical appliances have a coil of wire called an element. When an electric current flows through the element it becomes hot and gives out heat. The amount of heat produced in a wire depends upon its material, length and thickness. Electric heater Electric room heater Electric Iron, Electric kettle.

An electric fuse is a safety device used in an electrical circuit which protects the electrical circuits and appliances and prevents fires. An electrical fuse is used in all electrical circuits in buildings. Electric fuse has a wire which melts quickly and breaks when large electric current flows through it. 

Read more datils about Fuse Rating Calculating Guide:  

How to Calculate Fuse Rating for Electrical Appliances?

Magnetic effect of electric current

When an electric current flows through a wire, it behaves like a magnet. This is called the magnetic effect of electric current.

The first scientist who showed that electric current also produces magnetic effect was Hans Christian Oersted.

When an electric current is passed through a coil of insulated wire wound around a piece of iron, it becomes a magnet. Such a magnet is called an electromagnet. 

If you wind a piece of insulated wire around an iron nail in the form of a coil. Connect the free ends of the wire to an electric cell through a switch. Place some pins near the nail that will experience a magnetic property or magnetic field surrounding it. Because, when electric current is passed, the iron nail becomes a magnet and attracts the pins. When an electric current is switched off, the nail loses its magnetism.

A conductor carrying current and wound into a solenoid produces a magnetic field very similar to a permanent magnet but has the advantage of being switched on and off by any switch which controls the circuit current.

The direction of the force depends on the direction of the current that flows through the conductor. You can find the direction with the simple right-hand rule, which states that: the index finger points in the direction of velocity ‘v’, middle finger points to the direction of magnetic field ‘B’ and the thumb points in the direction of the cross product ‘F’. The magnetic field can be denoted by

$\overrightarrow{F}=q\overrightarrow{v}\times \overrightarrow{B}$

Uses of magnetic effects of an electric current-The magnetic effect of electric current are the principle upon which electric bells, relays, instruments, motors and generators work. 

An electric bell has a coil of wire wound around a piece of iron which acts as an electromagnet. An iron strip with a hammer is kept close to the electromagnet. There is a contact screw near the iron strip. When the iron strip is in contact with the screw, current flows through the coil and becomes an electromagnet. It pulls the iron strip and the hammer at the end of the strip strikes the gong of the bell and produces sound. When the electromagnet pulls the iron strip, it also breaks the circuit and the iron strip comes back to the original position and the process repeats and the bell rings.

If you interested to read the other article regarding high voltage electric line and its electromagnetic effects on the human body:

Does High Voltage Power Line Risk for Human Health?

Chemical effect of the electric current

The passage of an electric current through a conducting solution causes a chemical reaction. That may cause the formation of bubbles of gas on the electrodes, deposits of metal on electrodes, changes of colour of solutions etc.

The electrical effect to the chemical bond of material is an electric current flows through a conducting liquid, the liquid is separated into its chemical parts.

The conductors which make contact with the liquid are called the anode and cathode (+ plate = anode, -plate = cathode). The liquid itself is called the electrolyte, and the process is called electrolysis.

The entire system is called a voltameter, If the electrodes take part in the chemical reaction they are called active electrodes, if they don’t, they are called inert or inactive electrodes.

Electrolysis of water (Hydrogen and oxygen) form at the two electrodes in the ratio 2:1. 

Uses of electrolysis: Used to electroplating-coating one metal with a thin layer of another metal in order to prevent rusting and also to improve the appearance; Used to purify metals and to extract metals from their ores; Used to coat a thin layer of dielectric on to the plate of an electrolytic capacitor.

Electrolysis is an industrial process used in the refining of metals and electroplating. It was one of the earliest industrial applications of electric current. Most of the aluminium produced today is extracted from its ore by electrochemical methods. 

Electroplating serves a double purpose by protecting a base metal from atmospheric erosion and also giving it a more expensive and attractive appearance. Silver and nickel plating has long been used to enhance the appearance of cutlery, candlesticks and sporting trophies.

WHAT IS THE MAJOR ENERGY SOURCES FOR ELECTRICAL POWER?

This article will help you to understand the basic concept of Energy, Energy sources and How different forms of energy change to electrical energy. In the below link, you will get a pdf copy were briefly described-

Importance of Electrical Energy;

Generation of Electrical Energy;

Sources of Energy;

Comparison of Energy Sources;

Units of Energy; 

Relationship Among Energy Units;

Efficiency;

Calorific Value of Fuels;
Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels, &

Advantages of Solid Fuels Over Liquid Fuels.

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Basic Concept of Energy: 

We are surrounded by Energy.  Energy is everywhere and it surrounds us; but we can’t touch it and also can’t measure its mass, because it is massless. However, we can see and feel the effects of energy on many materials. The word energy came from the Greek Energeia, meaning in or at work.

Energy is the ability or capability to do work; Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

We cannot create or destroy any energy, for our use we only can change the form or state of energy from one into another.

In the language of physical science, energy means the ability or capability to do work.  Work means a change in position, speed, state, or form of matter.  Therefore, energy is the capacity to change matter.

According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of a system remains constant, though energy may transform into another form. Two billiard balls colliding, for example, may come to rest, with the resulting energy becoming sound and perhaps a bit of heat at the point of collision.

In fact, everything that happens in the universe, from the eruption of volcanoes to the sprouting of seeds, to the moving of people, takes energy.  When we turn on a motor, drive a car, cook on a stove or switch on a light, we are using energy.

Energy calculation:

The amount of energy is directly proportional to the mass of the body:

E= mC2

where,

m  is the mass,

c  is the speed of light in a vacuum,

E  is the rest mass-energy.

Generation of Electrical Power

The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy is known as the generation of electrical energy or electrical power. Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources such as pressure head of water, the chemical energy of fuels, nuclear energy of radioactive substances etc. which usually changes into electrical power in different ways.

Electrical energy is superior to all other forms of energy due to the following reasons:

1. Convenient form;
2. Easy control;
3. Greater flexibility;
4. Cheapness;
5. Cleanliness;
6. High transmission efficiency.

The major sources of electrical energy is as below:
(I) The Sun
(ii) The Wind
(iii) Water
(iv) Fuels
(v) Nuclear energy

Energy exists in different forms in nature but the most important form is electrical energy. Modern society is so much dependent upon the use of electrical energy that it has become a part and parcel of our life.

Download the full pdf copy

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